Wolfgang Kathe, Susanne Honnef & Andreas Heym Medicinal and Aromatic Plants in Albania, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia and Romania BfN – Skripten 91 Federal Agency for Nature Conservation 2003 Medicinal and Aromatic Plants in Albania, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia and Romania A study of the collection of and trade in medicinal and aromatic plants (MAPs), relevant legislation and the potential of MAP use for financing nature conservation and protected areas Wolfgang Kathe, Susanne Honnef & Andreas Heym (WWF Deutschland / TRAFFIC Europe-Germany) This study was carried out by WWF Deutschland and TRAFFIC Europe-Germany on behalf of the German Federal Agency for Nature Conservation (BfN), Bonn and Vilm. May 2003 Editors: Susanne Honnef, e-mail: [email protected] Wolfgang Kathe, e-mail: [email protected] Cover design and layout: Marion Blume Formatting: Karin Berkhoudt Publisher: Bundesamt für Naturschutz (BfN) (German Federal Agency for Nature Conservation) Konstantinstrasse 110, D-53179 Bonn, Germany Tel.: +49 228 / 8491 - 0 Fax: +49 228 / 8491 - 200 Internet: http://www.bfn.de BfN-Skripten are not available in book trade BfN-Skripten may be ordered from International Academy for Nature Conservation Isle of Vilm, D - 18581 Putbus, Germany e-mail: [email protected] download: www.bfn.de/09/090203.htm The publisher takes no guarantee for correctness, details and completeness of statements and views in this report as well as no guarantee for respecting private rights of third parties. Views expressed in the papers published in this issue of BfN-Skripten are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of the publisher. Printed on 100 % recycled paper by the printing office of the Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety. Bonn, 2003 […] Ich wollte nicht mal Geld verdienen. Ich wollte nur meine Schulbücher haben. 7 Kilo Kamille war der Preis. War der Preis zu hoch ? [...] Später trank ich nur noch Lindenblütentee. Es half nichts. Als erstes mußte ich unbedingt einen guten Kamillenpflücker finden. Dieses Gerät, ausgerüstet mit einem rostigen Eisenkamm mit neunundzwanzig Zähnen, bestand aus einem primitiv zusammengehauenen Kasten. Der Holzkasten wog fast zwei Pfund und faßte zwei bis drei Pfund Kamillenblüten. Mit einer schwungvollen Bewegung führte ich den Eisenkamm durch die Kamille, zog den Kasten hoch, und etwa dreißig Blüten fielen in den Bauch des Holzkastens. In drei Stunden hätte er den Bauch voll haben können. Mein Arm war längst lahm, ich atmete schwer, schwitzte vor Anstrengung und maß die Zeit in Kamillenblütengramm. Mein Sommer hieß Kamille und wog 7 Kilo – von Mitte Juni bis Mitte September.[...] [from: RUMJANA ZACHARIEVA: 7 Kilo Zeit. pp. 8/9] […] I even didn’t want to earn money. I just wanted to get my school books. 7 kilogrammes of camomile was the price. Too high? [...] Later I drank nothing but linden flower tea. No use. First, I definitely had to get hold of a good camomile-picker. This appliance, equipped with a rusty iron crest with twenty-nine teeth, was a primitively assembled box. The wooden box weighed almost two kilogrammes and could hold two to three pounds of camomile. Full of verve I swung the iron crest through the camomile, pulled the box up, and about thirty flowers fell into the stomach of the wooden box. Within three hours it could have filled its stomach. My arm had gone numb long since, I breathed heavily, the strain made me sweat and I measured time in camomile-flower-gramme-units. My summer was called ‘camomile’ and weighed 7 kilogrammes – from mid-June till mid-September. [...] [translated from: RUMJANA ZACHARIEVA: 7 Kilo Zeit. pp. 8/9] Table of Contents Preface.................................................................................................................................................... 7 1 Acknowledgements.................................................................................................................. 8 2 Summary - Zusammenfassung ............................................................................................. 11 3 Introduction............................................................................................................................. 16 4 Methods ................................................................................................................................... 18 5 Geography, Social and Political Structure, Biodiversity and Nature Conservation........ 20 5.1 Albania..................................................................................................................................... 21 5.2 Bosnia-Herzegovina ............................................................................................................... 24 5.3 Bulgaria ................................................................................................................................... 26 5.4 Croatia ..................................................................................................................................... 28 5.5 Romania................................................................................................................................... 30 6 Short History of MAP Wild-Collection and Trade in the Selected Countries ................... 34 7 Wild-Harvesting and Cultivation of MAPs............................................................................ 38 7.1 Albania..................................................................................................................................... 38 7.2 Bosnia-Herzegovina ............................................................................................................... 40 7.3 Bulgaria ................................................................................................................................... 46 7.4 Croatia ..................................................................................................................................... 52 7.5 Romania................................................................................................................................... 58 8 The Role of East and Southeast Europe in the Medicinal and Aromatic Plant Trade (by Dagmar Lange) ................................................................................................................. 64 8.1 East and Southeast Europe’s Place in Global Trade.......................................................... 65 8.2 East and Southeast Europe’s Place in Europe’s Pharmaceutical Plant Trade ................ 66 8.3 Trade Figures for East and Southeast Europe .................................................................... 67 8.3.1 Albania..................................................................................................................................... 69 8.3.2 Bosnia-Herzegovina ............................................................................................................... 70 8.3.3 Bulgaria ................................................................................................................................... 71 8.3.4 Croatia ..................................................................................................................................... 72 8.3.5 Romania................................................................................................................................... 72 9 Current Trade in Medicinal and Aromatic Plants ................................................................ 78 9.1 Albania..................................................................................................................................... 78 9.2 Bosnia-Herzegovina ............................................................................................................... 80 9.3 Bulgaria ................................................................................................................................... 83 9.4 Croatia ..................................................................................................................................... 86 9.5 Romania................................................................................................................................... 89 10 Wild-Collection of MAPs in or near Protected Areas.......................................................... 93 10.1 Albania..................................................................................................................................... 93 10.2 Bosnia-Herzegovina ............................................................................................................... 95 10.3 Bulgaria ................................................................................................................................. 101 10.4 Croatia ................................................................................................................................... 106 10.5 Romania................................................................................................................................. 109 11 Legal and Financial Aspects Relevant to MAP Collection and Trade............................. 116 11.1 International and European Legislation............................................................................. 116 11.1.1 CBD ........................................................................................................................................ 116 11.1.2 Bern Convention..................................................................................................................