Common Land in the Carolingian Central Netherlands Student: Lucas E. Helder Date of submission: 21 June 2021 Student number: 4291018 Supervisor: Dr. F. C.W. Goosmann Course: RMA thesis Words: 39.979 Faculty: Humanities Study: Ancient, Medieval and Renaissance studies Abstract The purpose of this master thesis is to reopen the debate on the allocation of common land in early medieval Europe. More specifically, the question is asked: What evidence exists for common land in the Central Netherlands during the Carolingian period (c. 750-900 AD)? The first chapter introduces the geographical framework and investigates in which of the subregions the rights to waste- or woodland might have been shared by group(s) of peasants. The second chapter examines the historiographical debate on the emergence and existence of common land by analysing the Mark, Domanial and Scarcity theory, as being competing paradigms. In the third chapter the written sources for common land are introduced, through the analysis of opposing interpretations of the terms ‘marca’, ‘scara’ and ‘silva communis’. These terms have at least in the Mark theory been considered to indicate the presence of common land. In addition, in the fourth chapter, some archaeological clues for the presence or absence of common land are examined. As a result, it is suggested that the evidence for the presence of common land in the Carolingian Central Netherlands remains highly ambiguous. The existence of common land can therefore, on the basis of the available evidence, not be proven nor disproven. 2 Table of contents Abstract .................................................................................................................................. 2 Maps ....................................................................................................................................... 6 Tables ..................................................................................................................................... 6 Introduction .............................................................................................................................. 7 I. Structure ....................................................................................................................... 9 II. Definitions ................................................................................................................. 10 III. Methodology ............................................................................................................. 12 IV. Source material .......................................................................................................... 13 V. Relevance & theoretical framework .......................................................................... 15 VI. Summary ................................................................................................................... 19 Chapter 1: The Carolingian Central Netherlands .............................................................. 20 1.1 Soil & climate................................................................................................................. 21 1.2 Natural environment ....................................................................................................... 23 1.3 Cultural & political landscape ........................................................................................ 25 1.4 Subregions ...................................................................................................................... 29 1.4.1 Fertile riverine regions............................................................................................. 32 1.4.2 Infertile sand regions ............................................................................................... 37 1.4.3 Promising peat regions ............................................................................................ 40 1.5 Summary ........................................................................................................................ 43 Chapter 2: Paradigms............................................................................................................ 45 2.1 The Mark theory ............................................................................................................. 48 2.1.1 Date of emergence ................................................................................................... 50 2.1.2 Reason for emergence ............................................................................................. 51 3 2.1.3 Type of rights........................................................................................................... 52 2.1.4 Sources..................................................................................................................... 53 2.2 The Domanial theory ...................................................................................................... 54 2.2.1 Date of emergence ................................................................................................... 54 2.2.2 Reason for emergence ............................................................................................. 55 2.2.3 Type of rights........................................................................................................... 56 2.2.4 Sources..................................................................................................................... 57 2.3 The Scarcity theory ........................................................................................................ 58 2.3.1 Date of emergence ................................................................................................... 59 2.3.2 Reason for emergence ............................................................................................. 60 2.3.3 Type of rights........................................................................................................... 60 2.3.4 Sources..................................................................................................................... 61 2.4 Summary ........................................................................................................................ 61 Chapter 3: Written sources ................................................................................................... 63 3.1 Finding the right words .................................................................................................. 65 3.2 The Cartularium Werthinense ........................................................................................ 68 3.2.1 Context and background source .............................................................................. 69 3.2.2 The silva communis of Suifterbant .......................................................................... 71 3.3 The Codex Laureshamensis ............................................................................................ 79 3.3.1 Context and background .......................................................................................... 79 3.3.2 The marca in the Central Netherlands ..................................................................... 82 3.3.3. The silva communis in Testarbant .......................................................................... 87 3.4 The Urbar Werthinense .................................................................................................. 91 3.4.1 Context and background .......................................................................................... 91 3.4.2 The scaras in Felua ................................................................................................. 94 3.5 Summary ........................................................................................................................ 98 Chapter 4: Archaeological sources ..................................................................................... 100 4 4.1 Between evidence and proof ........................................................................................ 100 4.2 Archeological sources .................................................................................................. 104 4.3 Archeological analysis ................................................................................................. 108 4.3.1 Fertile riverine regions........................................................................................... 108 4.3.2 Infertile sand regions ............................................................................................. 111 4.3.3 Promising peat regions .......................................................................................... 118 4.4 Summary ...................................................................................................................... 120 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................ 121 Bibliography ......................................................................................................................... 124 Pictures ............................................................................................................................... 124 Primary sources .................................................................................................................. 124 Datasets .............................................................................................................................