Productivity in Europe and the United States Technology Trends and Policy Measures Published: Oslo, October 2014 Printed by ILAS Grafisk Published electronically at www.teknologiradet.no ISBN: 978-82-92447-72-7 (Electronic version) ISBN: 978-82-92447-73-4 (Printed version) Contents Introduction: A Second Machine Age .................................................................................... 6 Productivity after the financial crisis ...................................................................................... 6 How this report was made ...................................................................................................... 7 Austria ....................................................................................................................................... 8 Austrian productivity at a glance ............................................................................................ 8 Productivity challenges ........................................................................................................... 9 Technology trends and policy initiatives .............................................................................. 10 Governmental RTI strategy ............................................................................................... 10 Austrian Council for Research and Technology Development recommendations ........... 11 Environmental technologies .............................................................................................. 11 Information and communication technologies (ICT)........................................................ 11 Industry 4.0 ....................................................................................................................... 12 Catalonia ................................................................................................................................. 13 Catalan productivity at a glance ........................................................................................... 13 Productivity challenges ......................................................................................................... 14 Technology trends and policy initiatives .............................................................................. 15 Catalan Clusters Programme ............................................................................................. 16 Business Innovation Programme ...................................................................................... 16 Internationalization and Investments Programme ............................................................ 16 Three Catalan trending topics on productivity .................................................................. 16 Denmark .................................................................................................................................. 18 Danish productivity .............................................................................................................. 18 Productivity challenges ......................................................................................................... 19 Policy initiatives ................................................................................................................... 20 The Productivity Commission .......................................................................................... 20 “Reform amok” ................................................................................................................. 20 The role of technology .......................................................................................................... 21 Innovation or technology .................................................................................................. 21 Automation ....................................................................................................................... 21 Digitization ....................................................................................................................... 22 2 European Union ...................................................................................................................... 23 EU productivity at a glance .................................................................................................. 23 EU Productivity challenges and STOA study ...................................................................... 23 EU policy initiatives and studies .......................................................................................... 30 Finland ..................................................................................................................................... 32 Finnish productivity at a glance ............................................................................................ 32 Productivity challenges ......................................................................................................... 34 Policy trends and policy initiatives ....................................................................................... 35 Green energy ..................................................................................................................... 35 A Policy Initiative: Radical Technology Inquirer ............................................................. 35 France ...................................................................................................................................... 38 French productivity at a glance ............................................................................................ 38 Productivity challenges ......................................................................................................... 40 Policy initiatives ................................................................................................................... 41 The promotion of innovation, a fundamental solution ...................................................... 42 Germany .................................................................................................................................. 43 German productivity at a glance ........................................................................................... 43 Productivity challenges ......................................................................................................... 44 Policy Initiatives ................................................................................................................... 45 The New High-Tech Strategy – Innovations for Germany ............................................... 45 Digital Agenda 2014-2017 ................................................................................................ 46 Program “Innovations for production, services and work in the future” .......................... 46 Current parliamentary TA projects ....................................................................................... 47 Opportunities and risks of digital and mobile communication at the workplace.............. 47 3D printing ........................................................................................................................ 47 Data mining– social and legal challenges ......................................................................... 48 Digital Media in Education ............................................................................................... 48 Greece ...................................................................................................................................... 49 Greek productivity at a glance .............................................................................................. 49 Productivity challenges ......................................................................................................... 51 Technology trends and policy initiatives .............................................................................. 55 Productivity of the public sector ....................................................................................... 55 3 Innovation ......................................................................................................................... 55 Private investments ........................................................................................................... 56 Technology diffusion ........................................................................................................ 56 The Netherlands ..................................................................................................................... 58 Dutch productivity at a glance .............................................................................................. 58 Productivity challenges ......................................................................................................... 59 Technology trends and policy initiatives .............................................................................. 60 Robots, employment and social justice ............................................................................. 60 Platforms: New forms of innovation require new policy schemes. ........................ 61 Norway .................................................................................................................................... 63 Norwegian productivity at a glance ...................................................................................... 64 Productivity challenges