Missy Rolseth 1 4-27-20 The Left Wing of the Political Spectrum: Three Different Ideologies In 1949, Albert Einstein posed the question “how should the structure of society… be changed in order to make human life as satisfying as possible?”1 In his book, The Political Economy of Human Happiness, Benjamin Radcliffe uses this question to define the differences among the left and right on the political spectrum. He develops his division in the context of a free market economy to better conceptualize these differences. He writes that the left-wing of the political spectrum is based on values of equity and justice, with a goal to ensure that the economy is benefiting the public’s interest.2 While these underlying principles are prevalent across the left wing, there are differences among these politicians on how to achieve this economic goal and what specific values to minimize and maximize during this process. Ultimately, there are varying ideologies within the left wing. While all liberal politicians may share, to an extent, the same verbal image of what constitutes a “good society,” they can differ greatly in how to attain this. Methodology For the purpose of this paper, I will be focusing on three major factions within the left wing: progressivism, socialism, and democratic socialism. These three groups are of significance in the current state of political affairs. Democratic socialism and socialism, although fundamentally different, are often lumped together at even equated with communism. Progressivism and democratic socialism factions are increasingly competing in politics, most notably in this current election cycle, to become the face of the Democratic Party. 1 Benjamin Radcliff, The Political Economy of Human Happiness: How Voters' Choices Determine the Quality of Life (New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 2013), 1. 2 Ibid. Missy Rolseth 2 4-27-20 This paper will continue with a discussion on the basic foundation of each of the three factions, followed by an analysis on how they are different in approaching three political questions: climate change, healthcare, and the wealth tax. In lieu of drafting a policy from the basic principles of these ideologies, much of the discussion will be pulled from policy initiatives created by specific politicians who represent these ideologies. It is also important to note that the politicians used here were chosen because of their relevancy in current political affairs. There are many opinions on different ideologies among the Left, both in how many there are and who represents them. This paper will seek to present an accurate depiction based on current research, but given the variety of different policy agendas, many politicians shift on the spectrum on different issues. The categorization in this paper is done to exemplify core differences between the factions; given the continual evolution of American politics, others may identify these politicians in terms of other ideologies. Progressivism As an ideology, progressivism is likely what the average American labels as the platform of the modern Democratic Party. Progressivism is a convoluted term on the left wing of the political spectrum and has been used to describe a number of ideologies based on the idea of creating significant progress. For this paper, progressivism will refer to the moderate-left ideology intent on serving public interest, while still maintain a relatively free market, capitalist economy. Progressivism advocates for big government and economic intervention, but to a limited extent.3 This is a focus on providing assistance to the public, but in smaller measures than a robust welfare state. These public assistance programs are typically designed to help the 3 Perry Bacon, “The Six Wings Of The Democratic Party,” FiveThirtyEight, March 11, 2019, https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/the-six-wings-of-the-democratic-party/. Missy Rolseth 3 4-27-20 poorest Americans, leaving many others still in need. Progressives can be differentiated from the established, rank-and-file Democrats; they sought to push the Democratic Party forward in the beginning of the twenty-first century, focusing on social issues like immigration, climate change, and civil rights.4 President Barack Obama is an example of a progressive, as his win over Hillary Clinton in 2008 marked a shift in the Democratic Party away from the established party members within the DNC.5 Serving as Obama’s Vice President, Joe Biden is another example of a progressive. Progressives call for reform, but by fixing the current system, not creating a new one. This is a significant difference from the other two factions. Socialism Socialism has taken on many different forms since it became popular in the 19th century.6 However, the fundamental basis of socialism is an economic form in which the state owns the means of production.7 This is designed to ensure that economy is functioning in the public’s best interest. Socialists see capitalism as the root to injustice in society and envision a society in which the market is controlled by the government. For strong adherents to capitalism, socialism is the enemy because it seeks to dismantle the free market. Furthermore, many people associate socialism with authoritarian dictatorships and thus decree that socialism will infringe on Americans’ civil rights and liberties.8 Capitalist supporters also purport that failure is inevitable 4 Perry Bacon, “The Six Wings Of The Democratic Party,” FiveThirtyEight, March 11, 2019, https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/the-six-wings-of-the-democratic-party/. 5 Ibid. 6 Maggie Astor, “What Is Democratic Socialism? Whose Version Are We Talking About?” The New York Times, June 12, 2019, https://www.nytimes.com/2019/06/12/us/politics/democratic-socialism-facts -history.html. 7 Pablo Gilabert and Martin O'Neill, “Socialism,” Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Stanford University, July 15, 2019, https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/socialism/. 8 John Haltiwanger, “Here's the Difference between a 'Socialist' and a 'Democratic Socialist'.” Business Insider, Business Insider, February 11, 2020, https://www.businessinsider.com/difference -between-socialist-and-democratic-socialist-2018-6. Missy Rolseth 4 4-27-20 for socialism, citing cases such as Soviet Communism and the National Socialism of the Nazi Party.9 However, although some of these states used the word “socialism,” there were not inherently socialist governments. Moreover, the ruin of these states was complex and not simply derived from a socialist form of government. In the United States, there are no prominent politicians who directly advocate for pure socialism; they instead fall into the democratic socialist characterization. This paper will use the foundational definition of socialism and examples from socialist philosophers to develop the socialist response to the three policies. Democratic Socialism Democratic socialism is arguably the most complex of these three ideologies, given its place in between progressivism and socialism on the political spectrum. Democratic socialism sprung to the political forefront of the Democratic Party during the 2016 election cycle with the unexpected success of Senator Bernie Sanders.10 Many on the Right are quick to equate democratic socialism with socialism, but there are fundamental differences between the two.11 Democratic socialism is based on democratic principles that provide the foundation for a socialized welfare state within the confines of a capitalist economy.12 Note that democratic socialism does not want to completely dismantle capitalism, but instead seeks to provide 9 John Haltiwanger, “Here's the Difference between a 'Socialist' and a 'Democratic Socialist'.” Business Insider, Business Insider, February 11, 2020, https://www.businessinsider.com/difference -between-socialist-and-democratic-socialist-2018-6. 10 Nathan J. Robinson, “Millennials Support Socialism Because They Want to Make America Great – but for Everyone,” NBCNews.com, NBCUniversal News Group, February 15, 2020, https://www.nbcnews.com/think/opinion/millennials-support-socialism-because-they-want-make-america -great-everyone-ncna1109191. 11 John Haltiwanger, “Here's the Difference between a 'Socialist' and a 'Democratic Socialist'.” Business Insider, Business Insider, February 11, 2020, https://www.businessinsider.com/difference -between-socialist-and-democratic-socialist-2018-6. 12 Ibid. Missy Rolseth 5 4-27-20 governmental assistance in light of capitalism’s ails.13 There are two major components of an economy based on democratic socialism. The first of which is a robust welfare state intended to provide basic necessities to all citizens—like healthcare—in addition to government assistance programs. The second component is worker-owned means of production.14 Democratic socialism is intended to minimize the disparity between those who own the means of production and the working class that has grown increasingly wider in our capitalist economy. Overall, democratic socialists combine aspects of both progressivism and socialism in their ideology. It is safe to say that the left-wing of the political spectrum is concerned with unfettered capitalism and the growing income gap. However, while progressives seek to make minute reforms by helping out those affected and socialists seek to completely scrap the current system and build a new one in its place, democratic socialism seeks to create broad reforms that do dismantle inequitable institutions of capitalism, while maintaining the overall economic structure.15 To address