Fanny Chimwemwe Chigwa Philosophiae Doctor (P Department of Animal and AquaculturalNorwegian Sciences University of Life Sciences • Universitetet for miljø- og biovitenskap ISBN 978-82-575-1013-8 ISSN 1503-1667 Strategies for improving dairy goat kid rearing systems for milk and meat production in Norway, Tanzania and milk h utilization in Malawi D) Thesis 2011:50 Strategiar for å betre oppalssystem for geitekje til påsett eller slakteproduksjon i Noreg og Tanzania. Bruk av geitejølk for konsum i Malawi Fanny Chimwemwe Chigwa Philosophiae Doctor (P University of Malawi, Bunda College Department of Animal Science P.O. Box 219, Lilongwe, Malawi Phone +265 1 277 250 Email: ans@ bunda.unima.mw h D) Thesis 2011:50 Norwegian University of Life Sciences NO–1432 Ås, Norway Phone +47 64 96 50 00 www.umb.no, e-mail: [email protected] Strategies for improving dairy goat kid rearing systems for milk and meat production in Norway, Tanzania and milk utilization in Malawi Philosophiae Doctor (PhD) Thesis Fanny Chimwemwe Chigwa Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences Norwegian University of Life Science Ås 2011 Thesis number: 2011: 50 ISSN: 1503 -1667 ISBN: 978-82-575-1013-8 Table of Contents Table of Contents ......................................................................................................................................... iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT .................................................................................................................................... i PREFACE ....................................................................................................................................................... iii ABBREVIATIONS ........................................................................................................................................... iv SUMMARY/ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................................. v SAMMENDRAG............................................................................................................................................ vii LIST OF MANUSCRIPTS ................................................................................................................................. ix 1. INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Rearing of goat kids................................................................................................................................. 1 1.2 Products and by-products in goat rearing .............................................................................................. 2 1.2.1 Goat Milk and meat Production in Norway ......................................................................................... 2 1.2.2 Goat Milk and meat Production in Tanzania ....................................................................................... 4 1.3 Significance of goat milk and meat ......................................................................................................... 6 1.3.1 Nutrients in goat milk and its importance to human nutrition ............................................................ 6 1.4 Milking frequency and effect on milk composition and quality ............................................................. 7 1.4.1Effect of milking regimes on milk composition ..................................................................................... 7 1.4.2 Management of goat on natural pasture and milk composition ......................................................... 8 1.4.3 Somatic cell counts and goat milk ....................................................................................................... 9 1.5 Milk utilization and tradition ................................................................................................................ 11 1.5.1 Goat milk production and utilization in Norway ................................................................................ 11 1.5.2 Culture and milk utilization ................................................................................................................ 12 1.5.3 Goat production and milk utilization in Malawi ................................................................................ 13 2. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY ..................................................................................................................... 16 3. MATERIALS AND METHODS .................................................................................................................... 17 4. MAIN RESULTS ........................................................................................................................................ 19 4.1 Effects of different numbers of kids reared by dam on milk yield, quality and kid growth ................. 19 4.2 Effects of grazing hours in dam kid rearing on milk yield, quality, kid growth and grazing behavior .. 19 4.3 Effects of automatic suckling on pre-weaning and post-weaning kid growth rates and lactation persistence .................................................................................................................................................. 20 4.4 Effects of traditional kid suckling system on farmers available and kid growth rates ......................... 20 4.5The tradition of milking local goats on Likoma and implications for livestock interventions ............... 21 5. GENERAL DISCUSSION ............................................................................................................................. 23 5.1 Effects of different numbers of kids reared by the dam on milk yield, quality and kid growth ........... 23 5.2 Effects of day and night grazing on milk yield, kid growth and grazing behavior ................................ 26 5.3 Effects of dam and automatic machine kid rearing on kid growth rates and lactation persistence .... 29 5.4 Effects of traditional kid rearing system on farmers available milk output and kid growth rates ....... 32 5.5The tradition of milking local goats on Likoma and implications for livestock interventions ............... 34 6. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES ............................................................................................. 37 References .................................................................................................................................................. 39 Manuscripts I –V ......................................................................................................................................... 61 To my family ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This work was accomplished through joint financial support from Bunda College of Agriculture which offered me a scholarship under Bunda Capacity Building Programme and partial funding from Agricultural Research and Development Programme (ARDEP) research grant in Malawi and Programme for Agricultural and Natural Resources Transformation for improved Livelihoods (PANTIL) in Tanzania. I would like to acknowledge support from Bunda College management and for by granting me a study leave in the study period. I would also like to appreciate all the technical and academic support for Animal and Aquacultural Sciences Department throughout my study period. I would like to thank, Lars Olav Eik as my main supervisor. I appreciate your advice and contribution, which has made this work an accomplished task. I benefited a lot from the Supervisory team of Randi Kaarhus, Tormod Ådnoy, Vedasto R. M. Muhikambele, and Timothy Gondwe. I also appreciate the contribution of co-authors, Geir Steinheim, Magret Eknæs, Øystein Havrevoll and Aster Abebe. Throughout experimental periods, I enjoyed technical support from Small Ruminant Research Unit, the Goat house. The support from Agnes Klouman and Kari Eikanger during the experimental period is greatly appreciated. In my fieldwork in Tanzania, I also enjoyed the support of Sokoine University Management, PANTIL management, Prof George Kifaro and Prof Edith Ndemanisho. I also appreciate the support of Dominic Alute, Watuta and Gedelia Mfui in Animal nutrition and Dairy technology laboratories at Sokoine. I would also want to thank Haydom Lutheran Hospital, Mulbadaw farm, Anna Shao and Abel Johana for your support at the farm when we had the experiment. My stay at Mulbadaw farm i was memorable because of your support and that of many others. My gratitude is also to Patrick Chavula of Agriculture office on Likoma Island who assisted with field work logistics and travel. I also appreciate the support from fellow Ph.D. students, Devota Mwaseba and Nhiem Duong Van, your company made me encouraged. I wish to thank Jørn Erik Mørne, Yogendra Sitaula, Sheetal Babu, and Florence Nansubuga and HBM Lindquists my housemates. I benefitted from your computer skills and I appreciate the jokes and laughter we shared which made our home a better place to relax and refresh after a day of hard work. I appreciate the opportunity to access internet at home through the Lindquists. Finally, I would like to appreciate the support of my family. I appreciate the efforts of my late father, Peter Chigwa, since early days of my academic life which inspired me to come this far in my academic efforts. Henry, Fredrick and Isaac, thank you for assisting in taking care of Praise and Blessings as I was busy studying. I also appreciate the joy and encouragement from Praise and Blessings