University of Texas at El Paso DigitalCommons@UTEP Open Access Theses & Dissertations 2015-01-01 Cultural Diplomacy Strategies for Mexico in the XXI Century Alejandro Siqueiros University of Texas at El Paso, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.utep.edu/open_etd Part of the International Relations Commons, Public Administration Commons, and the Public Policy Commons Recommended Citation Siqueiros, Alejandro, "Cultural Diplomacy Strategies for Mexico in the XXI Century" (2015). Open Access Theses & Dissertations. 962. https://digitalcommons.utep.edu/open_etd/962 This is brought to you for free and open access by DigitalCommons@UTEP. It has been accepted for inclusion in Open Access Theses & Dissertations by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@UTEP. For more information, please contact [email protected]. CULTURAL DIPLOMACY STRATEGIES FOR MEXICO IN THE XXI CENTURY ALEJANDRO SIQUEIROS Department of Political Science APPROVED: Gaspare Genna, Ph.D., Chair Taeko Hiroi, Ph.D. Richard D. Pineda, Ph.D. Charles Ambler, Ph.D. Dean of the Graduate School Copyright © by Alejandro Siqueiros 2015 Dedication To my parents, Arq. Felipe Siqueiros and Bertha Falomir de Siqueiros, M.A., for their love and example of perseverance, honesty and kindness. For their convincing belief on the value of culture. To my wife, Magda Patricia Tijerina de Siqueiros, for your love, support and understanding. For being my “half orange” for 32 years. To my children, Alejandro and Patricia, for their inspiration. To my grandson, Nicholas. CULTURAL DIPLOMACY STRATEGIES FOR MEXICO IN THE XXI CENTURY by ALEJANDRO SIQUEIROS, J.D., M.B.A. THESIS Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of The University of Texas at El Paso in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS Department of Political Science THE UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT EL PASO December 2015 Acknowledgements To Consul Generals Salvador Arriola and Jacob Prado, for their Diplomatic Innovation spirit and courage to improve Mexico’s foreign relations. To Dr. Gaspare Genna, Chairman of my thesis Committee, for his guidance, advice, support, and especially, patience during this cultural expedition. To Dr. Taeko Hiroi, for her academic, and geographical, guidance. To Dr. Richard Pineda, for his support and for “baptizing” my thesis. To my brothers and sisters, Luis Felipe, Angela, Jose Ignacio, Fernando and Lupita, and their families, for being always supportive. To all people and friends who believed and participated on this journey v Table of Contents Acknowledgements ..................................................................................................v Table Of Contents ................................................................................................. vii List Of Figures .................................................................................................... viiii Chapter 1: What Is Cultural Diplomacy? .................................................................1 1.1 Introduction ............................................................................................1 1.2 Definition Of Cultural Diplomacy .........................................................4 1.3. Map And Summary Of Basic Questions ..................................................7 Chapter 2: Making Cultural Diplomacy More Influential .......................................9 2.1 Introduction ...............................................................................................9 2.2 Contending Views ...................................................................................10 2.3 School Most Related To The Proposals Of This Thesis .........................20 Chapter 3: Cultural Diplomacy In Mexico ............................................................22 3.1 Historical Background ............................................................................22 3.2 Legal Framework Of Foreign Policy In Mexico .....................................30 3.3 Constitution .............................................................................................31 3.4 The National Plan Of Development (PND) ............................................31 3.5 Sector Program Of The Ministry Of Foreign Affairs (PSSRE) ..............33 Chapter 4: Cultural Diplomacy Strategies .............................................................35 4.1 Experiences Of CD Strategies Worldwide .............................................35 4.2 Analysis Of CD Strategies By Other Countries In Mexico ....................42 4.3 Proposed Cultural Diplomacy Strategies ..............................................48 Chapter 5: Case Studies Of Cultural Diplomacy ...................................................53 5.1 Case Studies Of CD Introduction ...........................................................53 5.2 Case Studies In Sao Paulo, Brazil ...........................................................54 5.3 Case No. 2 Escola Mexico In Sao Paulo, Background And Development70 5.4 Case Studies In Kansas City, Missouri ...................................................85 5.5 Summary ...............................................................................................96 Chapter 6: Conclusions And Proposals..................................................................98 6.1 Comprehensive Review ..........................................................................98 6.2 Discussion .............................................................................................107 vi 6.3 Proposals ...............................................................................................108 6.4 Conclusion ............................................................................................110 References ............................................................................................................112 Vita ....................................................................................................................122 vii List of Figures Figure 5.3 Toltecs: Eagle Knights (Photograph by Adriana Beretta, Sao Paulo, 2005) .............. 68 Figure 5.4 Baianas: Mothers of the Precolumbian Gods (Photograph by Adriana Beretta, Sao Paulo, 2005) .................................................................................................................................. 68 Figure 5.7 Battery (Musicians) as Mariachis (Photograph by Adriana Beretta, Sao Paulo, 2005) ....................................................................................................................................................... 69 Figure 5.9 Students of the “Escola Mexico” in Sao Paulo, with the shirts donated by the MESP, after singing Mexico`s and Brazil`s National anthems (Photograph by Gabriela Nava, Sao Paulo, 2006) ............................................................................................................................................. 74 Figure 5.10 School Principal with teachers, Mexican entrepreneurs and members of MESP (Photograph by Gabriela Nava, Sao Paulo, 2006) ........................................................................ 74 Figure 5.11 Visit to premises of Escola Mexico by Mexican Delegation (Photograph by Gabriela Nava, Sao Paulo, 2006) ................................................................................................................. 74 Figure 5.14“Trés Escadas e um cara surprendido”, of the collection Décima Primeira Hora, by Felipe Ehrenberg, 2002 ................................................................................................................. 79 Figure 5.15 Serie Arena México, by Demián Flores (oil on canvas, 2000. Galeria Olido, Sao Paulo, 2006) .................................................................................................................................. 84 Figure 5.16 Serie Arena México, by Demián Flores. (oil on canvas, 2000. Galeria Olido, Sao Paulo, 2006) .................................................................................................................................. 84 Figure 5.18 Santo vs. the Invasion of Martians (1967) Film Series “Santo, the Silver Masked Man”, SRE Promotional Poster .................................................................................................... 84 Figure 5.19 Post Card of the cultural program “Atlantic Diaspora”, with photograph “Llamada”, by Artist Juan Manuel Pellicer. (Kansas City, Missouri, 2010) ................................................... 90 Figure 5.20 Comienza la trifulca” (Begins the brawl) (Photo by Juan Manuel Pellicer. Kansas City, 2010 ...................................................................................................................................... 91 Figure 5.22 Parientes (Relatives) (Photo by Juan Manuel Pellicer. Kansas City, 2010) ............. 91 Figure 5.23 Herencia (Heritage) (Photo by Juan Manuel Pellicer. Kansas City, 2010) .............. 91 Figure 5.24 Event “Caliente” – Jazz Storytelling at AJM (Photo by A. Siqueiros, Kansas City, 2010) ............................................................................................................................................. 92 Figure 5.25 Event “Caliente” Learning Latin Jazz at AJM (Photo by A. Siqueiros, Kansas City, 2010) ............................................................................................................................................. 92 Figure 26 Sr. Mandril - Kansas City’s Jazz Museum “The Blue Room”.