The Linux Knowledge Base and Tutorial 16 January 2005 The Linux Knowledge Base and Tutorial www.linux-tutorial.info Table of Contents Terms of Use and Disclamier of Warranty . 1 Copyright . 2 Preface . 3 Chapter 1 Introduction to Operating Systems . 4 1.1 What Is an Operating System . 4 1.2 Processes . 6 1.2.1 Virtual Memory Basics . 12 1.3 Files and Directories . 13 1.4 Operating System Layers . 19 1.5 Moving On . 20 Chapter 2 Linux Basics . 22 2.1 What Linux is All About . 22 2.1.1 Guided Tour . 22 2.1.2 What Linux is Made of . 29 2.1.3 What Linux Does . 32 2.1.4 What goes with Linux . 34 2.2 Linux Documentation . 35 2.3 Other Resources . 40 2.3.1 Linux Certification . 41 Chapter 3 Working with the System . 45 3.1 Backing-up and Restoring Files . 45 3.2 Interacting with the System . 47 3.3 Logging In . 50 3.4 Logging Out . 52 3.5 When Things Go Wrong . 53 3.6 Accessing Disks . 57 Chapter 4 Shells and Utilities . 58 4.1 The Shell . 58 4.2 The Search Path . 61 4.3 Directory Paths . 63 4.4 Shell Variables . 64 4.5 Permissions . 66 4.6 Regular Expressions and Metacharacters . 70 4.7 Quotes . 78 4.8 Pipes and Redirection . 80 4.9 Interpreting the Command . 84 4.10 Different Kinds of Shells . 87 4.11 Command Line Editing . 88 4.12 Functions . 90 4.13 Job Control . 91 4.14 Aliases . 92 4.15 A Few More Constructs . 94 4.16 The C-Shell . 95 4.17 Commonly Used Utilities . 99 4.17.1 Examples of Commonly Used Utilities . 100 Directory listings: ls . 100 Removing files: rm . 101 Copying files: cp . 101 Renaming and moving files: mv . 102 Linking files: ln . 102 Display the contents of files: cat more and less . 103 Combining multiple files: cat . 103 Display the contents of files: more . 103 This document copyrighted material. All right reserved. See http://www.linux-tutorial.info/copyright.html for details. i www.linux-tutorial.info The Linux Knowledge Base and Tutorial Display the contents of files: less . 103. 4.18 Looking for Files . 103. 4.19 Looking Through Files . 110. 4.20 Basic Shell Scripting . 115. 4.21 Managing Scripts . 123. 4.22 Shell Odds and Ends . 125. Chapter 5 Editing Files . 127. 5.1 Vi . 127. 5.1.1 vi Basics . 127. 5.1.2 Changing Text in vi . 130. 5.1.3 Moving Around in vi . 131. 5.1.4 Searching in vi . 132. 5.1.5 vi Buffers . 135. 5.1.6 vi Magic . 138. 5.1.7 Command Output in vi . 140. 5.1.8 More vi Magic . 141. 5.1.9 vi Odds and Ends . 141. 5.1.10 Configuring vi . 144. 5.2 Sed . 144. 5.3 Awk . 149. 5.4 Perl . 155. Chapter 6 Basic Administration . 177. 6.1 Starting and Stopping the System . 177. 6.1.1 The Boot Process . 177. 6.1.2 Run Levels . 183. 6.1.3 Init Scripts . 186. 6.1.4 LILO-The Linux Loader . 190. 6.1.5 Stopping the System . 192. 6.2 User Accounts . 194. 6.2.1 logging in . 199. 6.3 Terminals . 201. 6.3.1 Terminal Capabilities . 202. 6.3.2 Terminal Settings . 203. 6.4 Printers and Interfaces . 206. 6.4.1 advanced formatting . 209. 6.4.2 printcap . 211. 6.4.3 remote printing . 212. 6.5 System Logging . 212. 6.5.1 Syslogd . 212. 6.5.2 Managing System Logs . 216. 6.6 Backups . 219. 6.7 cron . 220. 6.8 User Communication . 224. 6.9 Webmin . 226. Chapter 7 The X Windowing System . 232. 7.1 Configuring the X-Windows Server . 232. 7.2 The Basics of X . 236. 7.3 Resources . 239. 7.4 Colors . 242. 7.5 Displaying Clients . 243. 7.6 Fonts . 245. 7.7 The Window Manager . 250. 7.8 Remote Access . 253. 7.8.1 XDMCP . 254. Chapter 8 The Computer Itself . 256. 8.1 Basic Input-Output Services and the System Bus . 256. This document copyrighted material. All right reserved. See http://www.linux-tutorial.info/copyright.html for details. ii The Linux Knowledge Base and Tutorial www.linux-tutorial.info 8.2 The Expansion Bus . 259. 8.2.1 Industry Standard Architecture ISA . 260. 8.2.2 MCA . 265. 8.2.3 Extended Industry Standard Architecture EISA . 267. 8.2.4 The Small Computer Systems Interface SCSI . 269. 8.2.5 Termination . 276. 8.2.6 PCI . 277. 8.2.7 AGP . 278. 8.3 Memory . 278. 8.3.1 RAM . 279. 8.3.2 Cache Memory . 283. 8.4 The Central Processing Unit . 285. 8.4.1 Intel Processors . 286. 8.4.2 AMD . 296. 8.4.3 Alpha Processors . 297. 8.4.4 Mips . 299. 8.4.5 SPARC . 299. 8.4.6 ARM Processors . 299. 8.5 Motherboards . 300. 8.6 Hard Disks . 302. 8.6.1 RAID . 313. 8.6.2 Serial ATA . 317. 8.7 Floppy Drives . 320. 8.8 Tape Drives . 322. 8.9 CD-ROMS . 325. 8.10 Serial Ports . 327. 8.11 Parallel Ports . 331. 8.12 Video Cards and Monitors . 333. 8.12.1 Video Card Common Problems . 336. 8.13 Modems . 337. 8.14 Printers . 341. 8.15 Mice . 348. 8.16 Uninterruptable Power Supplies . 349. 8.17 Cases . 349. 8.18 The Right Hardware . 351. 8.19 HW Diagnostics . 360. Chapter 9 Networking . 367. 9.1 TCP-IP . 367. 9.1.1 IP Addressing . 373. 9.1.2 Pseudo Terminals . 375. 9.1.3 Network Services . 376. 9.1.4 Network Standards . 379. 9.1.5 Subnet Masks . 380. 9.1.6 Routing and IP Gateways . 382. 9.1.7 The Domain Name System . 386. 9.1.7.1 Configuring the Domain Name System DNS . 390. 9.2 DHCP . 407. 9.3 NFS . ..