viewpoints VDOI:10.1145/3213766; 10.1145/3231050 Ehud Shapiro/Douglas Schuler Point/Counterpoint Democracy and E-Democracy A discussion of the possibility of supplanting traditional representative democracy with e-democracy. DOI: 10.1145/3213766 Point: Foundations of E-Democracy Considering the possibility of achieving an e-democracy based on long-established foundations that strengthen both real- world democracies and virtual Internet communities. Ehud Shapiro HE INTERNET REVOLUTION of democracy, which will trans- form earthly representative democracies by employing the communication and col- Tlaboration capabilities of the Internet, has yet to come. For this Communica- tions Point/Counterpoint discussion, I enlist the wisdom of our forefathers to lead the way. By consulting the 1789 calamities and of the corruption of E-democracy has at least two mean- Declaration of the Rights of Man and of governments.”4 ings: Using the Internet to strengthen the Citizen,4 I distill core values of de- The Internet, on the other hand, is real-world democracies,1,14 and demo- mocracy and derive from them require- revolutionizing industry after industry, cratic conduct of virtual Internet com- ments for the foundations of e-democ- leaving older ways of human conduct munities.3 When viewed as objectives racy. Building on these foundations can in the dustbin of history. Yet, it has not they coalesce, as one entails or requires usher in the urgently needed revolution changed the basic workings of democ- the other. of democracy. racy: Representative democracy today Amalgamating “Internet” and “De- Representative democracy is in re- functions essentially as it did 200 years mocracy” presupposes universal Inter- treat worldwide,1,5,6 as many democ- ago (Internet-enabled disruptions of net access as well as Net neutrality and racies transform into oligarchies, elections notwithstanding). freedom; their absence undermines plutocracies, or even kleptocracies. How could this be? Why has an Inter- the legitimacy of e-democracy, as a A key reason is lack of respect of de- net revolution of democracy not yet oc- regime can exclude an oppressed mi- mocracy’s basic tenet—equality of curred, despite the pressing need for it nority, or a service provider can make rights—as the rich, the powerful, and and the apparent clear ability of the In- e-democracy a super-premium service, the connected increasingly dominate ternet to deliver it? I believe a key reason excluding the poor. who gets nominated, who gets elect- is that amalgamating “Internet” and Even if the Internet infrastructure is ed, and what the elected do. The fore- “Democracy” into an Internet democ- universally accessible, neutral, and fair, fathers of democracy have identified racy, or e-democracy, is more difficult utilizing an existing Internet applica- IMAGE BASED ON PAINTING BY JEAN-JACQUES-FRANÇOIS LE BARBIER, 1789 (PUBLIC DOMAIN) (PUBLIC DOMAIN) 1789 LE BARBIER, JEAN-JACQUES-FRANÇOIS BY ON PAINTING BASED IMAGE this to be “... the sole cause of public than it seems. tion such as Facebook and its siblings AUGUST 2018 | VOL. 61 | NO. 8 | COMMUNICATIONS OF THE ACM 31 viewpoints as a foundation for e-democracy is a of the natural and imprescriptible non-starter: They are prone to dupli- rights of man: liberty, property, safety cate and fake accounts and, crucially, to The prospective and resistance against oppression. nondemocratic oversight, control, and “customer” for This can be ascertained in an ecosys- arbitrary intervention by their owners. tem of e-democracies only if the deci- Even Wikipedia, a hallmark of Internet e-democracy is sions of each are transparent to the participation, is governed neither by its humanity at large. others. readers nor by its editors, but by an ap- 5. Property and Privacy: A17 recog- pointed board that has full legal author- nizes the right for property and its pri- ity to shut it down, for example, to avert vate use, which, extended to our times, bankruptcy. sovereignty resides essentially in the incorporates the right for the ownership Hence, new foundations for e-democ- Nation. No body, no individual can ex- and privacy of information. The right to racy are needed. I envision these foun- ert authority that does not emanate ex- safety and resistance against oppres- dations to simultaneously support the pressly from it.” We interpret this prin- sion (A2) entails voter privacy to resist democratic conduct of all types of com- ciple to mean that the members of an coercion. munities: Associations, clubs, unions, e-democracy are its sovereign. 6. Justice: Revolt against unjust rul- cooperatives, organizations, move- 2. Equality: A1 states that “Men are ers was crucial to the emergence of de- ments, and political parties; and at all born and remain free and equal in mocracy, and justice is the focus of early levels—local, national, transnational, rights. …”. Together with A3 they imply charters of democracy such as the Eng- and international; eventually including that sovereignly must be equally shared, lish Magna Carta12 and the French Dec- cities, states, and federations; and, ulti- often stated as one person-one vote. But laration. Indeed, A1 and A4–13 address mately, uniting the entire humanity in a there is more to equality than the right the equal and just conception, applica- global e-democracy. to vote. A4 states that the law is the ex- tion, and enforcement of the law. Fur- Among these communities, the pivot pression of the general will and that all thermore, A16 states that a constitution for revolutionizing earthly democracies people have the right to contribute to is needed to guarantee the rights of citi- may be Internet-resident democratic its formation; and equally so, according zens and the separation of the powers of political parties, or e-parties. Only by to A1. A6 further states that all people, government. winning real-world elections, e-parties being equal in the eyes of the law, are can export the participatory practices equally admissible to all public posts. Requirements of Foundations of e-democracy from their inner work- Equality extends not only to rights but of E-Democracy ings to real-world governments, enact- also to obligations: A12–14 ascertain I now aim to derive from these core ing legislation that gradually supplants the need for public services and for democratic values requirements for the traditional representative democracy by equally sharing their financing among foundations of e-democracy. e-democracy. members, but progressively, according 1. Sovereignty: Internet communi- But what are these foundations? to their ability to pay. ties today, from the local bulletin board Who could guide us in their construc- To summarize, all members of a de- to almighty Facebook, are dictatorial, tion? A standard method in require- mocracy must have equal capacity to act with an omnipotent administrator who ments engineering is to interview the as voters, discussants, proposers and determines who gets in, who is thrown prospective customer. The prospective public delegates, as well as share pro- out, and what actions each member may “customer” for e-democracy is human- gressively the burden of public expen- take. The administrator also has the ca- ity at large. Hence, in lieu of an inter- ditures. pacity to shut down the community and view, I enlist one of humanity’s most 3. Freedom: A1 states that “men are annihilate its recorded history at will. inspiring documents: The 1789 French born and remain free.” The nature of Furthermore, communities like Face- Declaration of the Rights of Man and of this freedom is further elaborated in book employ rule-by-decree like bygone the Citizen4 (henceforth: Declaration), other articles: A10–11 espouse the free- Middle Ages fiefdoms. The owner, like a which offers a concise, clear, and bold dom of expression within the limits if feudal lord, sets the rules (sometimes in expression of the essence of democracy. the law. A5 proclaims the freedom to secrecy), tries members for breaching I study its Articles, extract from them take any action that is not harmful to them, and executes the punishment. core democratic values, and derive from others. Among those implied freedoms The members, like serfs, toil for the fi- these values requirements for the foun- I note the freedom of assembly3 grant- nancial benefit of the lord while having dations of e-democracy. ing any group of people the freedom to no (intellectual) property, civil rights, or assemble, and the subsidiary principle, voting rights. They have no say on their Core Values of Democracy granting such a group the freedom to remuneration or tax, on community Here, I list the core democratic values make decisions that pertain to them. rules of conduct or their enforcement, extracted from the Articles (marked 4. Transparency: A14–15 require or on the election of community lead- by A) of the Declaration (Interpreting that the conduct of public agents and ership. In the event of a bankruptcy or Man→Person, Citizen→Member, and the collection and expenditure of pub- hostile takeover, the entire community Nation→Community): lic funds be transparent. Furthermore, and its recorded history may be anni- 1. Sovereignty: The Declaration’s Ar- A2 states that the goal of any political hilated, with community members be- ticle III (A3) states “The principle of any association must be the conservation ing helpless bystanders. All this clearly 32 COMMUNICATIONS OF THE ACM | AUGUST 2018 | VOL. 61 | NO. 8 viewpoints violates all of democracy’s core values: with democratically instituted taxes and number of fake national identities and sovereignty, equality, freedom, trans- budgets9,15 to operate the e-democracy. use them (in a Sybil attack6) to sway the parency, property, privacy, and justice. In summary, a distributed public vote of a global e-democracy in favor of First, I consider the question of ledger employing a democratic crypto- their national interest.