Cultural Heritage and Contemporary Change Series II. African Philosophical Studies, Volume 22 Philosophy, Race and Multiculturalism in Southern Africa Zimbabwean Philosophical Studies, III Edited by Fainos Mangena & John Douglas McClymont The Council for Research in Values and Philosophy Copyright © 2018 by The Council for Research in Values and Philosophy Gibbons Hall B-20 620 Michigan Avenue, NE Washington, D.C. 20064 All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Names: Mangena, Fainos, editor. Title: Philosophy, race, and multiculturalism in southern Africa / edited by Fainos Mangena & John Douglas McClymont. Description: First [edition].. | Washington DC : Council for Research in Values and Philosophy, 2018. | Series: Cultural heritage and contemporary change. Series II, African philosophical studies ; Volume 22 | Series: Zimbabwean philosophical studies ; 3 | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2018027134 | ISBN 9781565183360 (pbk. : alk. paper) Subjects: LCSH: Philosophy--Africa, Southern. | Racism--Africa, Southern. | Multiculturalism--Africa, Southern. | Philosophy, Zimbabwean. | Racism--Zimbabwe. | Multiculturalism--Zimbabwe. Classification: LCC B5625 .P45 2018 | DDC 199/.68--dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2018027134 Acknowledgments We would like to take this opportunity to thank those who con- tributed directly and indirectly to the production and publication of this book. Many thanks go to the Executive Director of the Council for Re- search in Values and Philosophy in America (Washington, D.C.), Dr. Hu Yeping, who supported this project by attending the conference as our guest of honour, and was also instrumental in the publication of the book volume. Many thanks also go to the University of Zimbabwe leadership which allowed the Philosophical Society of Zimbabwe (PSZ) to host the conference at the University of Zimbabwe on the 13th of May 2017. The Dean of the Faculty of Arts, Professor Itai Muwati and his Deputy, Professor Nisbert Taringa, both graced the occasion, for which we thank them. Some members of the Department of Religious Studies, Classics and Philosophy, who are not in the PSZ Executive Committee, participated as members of the organizing committee, and these include Dr. J. Maritz and Ms. Barbara Chibvamushure. To them we can only say: May God bless you! Dedication This volume is dedicated to all the people in South- ern Africa who have invariably suffered as a result of xenophobia and racial discrimination. Table of Contents Preface vii Fainos Mangena Introduction: Revisiting the Themes of Race and 1 Multiculture in Southern Africa Fainos Mangena & John Douglas McClymont Part I. Race and Culture 1. Racial Prejudices in Current South African 11 Philosophical Discourses Fainos Mangena 2. Racism and Discrimination in Zimbabwe: 29 Cues from Noam Chomsky’s Universal Grammar Francis Matambirofa 3. The Legacy of Racism in African Philosophy: 47 Lessons from Nyerere’s Socialism Joyline Gwara 4. Race, Culture and Philosophy: Interventions from 63 a Zambian Philosopher John Mweshi 5. Race, the Colonial University and Xenophobia in 77 Grahamstown, South Africa Prolific S. Mataruse Part II. Multiculturalism and Ubuntu 6. Multiculturalism, Tolerance, Ethnic Hierarchy and 97 Xenophobia in Southern Africa Tarisayi Andrea Chimuka 7. Multiculturalism and Class in Zimbabwe 119 Oswell Hapanyengwi-Chemhuru 8. Multiculturalism, Contraception and Cultural 145 Perversion in Zimbabwe Chipo Marble Hatendi 9. Animals and Power in Ancient Greek and 159 Kalanga Oral Wisdom Literatures: A Comparative Analysis Madlozi Moyo 10. The Politics of Hermeneutics: An Inquiry into 175 the Pneumatological Conflicts in the Multicultural Apostolic Faith Mission in Zimbabwe Phillemon Chamburuka 11. Multiculturalism and Education in Zimbabwe 195 Clive Tendai Zimunya & Chipo Marble Hatendi Part III. Culture and Values 12. A New Paradigm Shift in Human Relationships: 211 The Case of Reciprocity and Humwe in Selected Fictional Narratives Ruby Magosvongwe 13. Some Misconceptions about Culture: 233 Views from a Zimbabwean Classical Thinker John Douglas McClymont 14. Old People’s Homes (OPHs) as a Legacy of 251 Colonialism in Zimbabwe: Perspectives from Hunhu/Ubuntu Cultural Philosophy Ngoni Makuvaza & Ruth B. Gora 15. Negotiating Cultural Diversities in Zimbabwe’s 269 Nation-Building Project: An Interrogation of Theatrical Perspectives Ngonidzashe Muwonwa & Nehemiah Chivandikwa Contributors 289 Index 295 Preface FAINOS MANGENA The title of the book volume, Philosophy, Race, and Multicultural- ism in Southern Africa, was born out of the theme of an International Phi- losophy Conference which was held at the University of Zimbabwe on 13 May 2017 under the auspices of the Philosophical Society of Zimbabwe (PSZ) and the Council for Research in Values and Philosophy (RVP) based in the United States of America. The book addresses three pertinent issues, namely, philosophy, race, and multiculturalism, especially as they play out in Southern Africa. My conviction is that if there is one thing that has divided the world, it is the issue of whether or not Africa has a well-defined philosophy worthy of celebration. This debate, which started with Western philosophers such as G.W.F. Hegel, David Hume, Immanuel Kant and Lucien Levy-Bruhl, is more than five decades old, and yet its influence on contemporary philo- sophical thinking in South Africa still abounds. It is also important to note that, apart from this seemingly tired debate, there have also been debates centred on the issues of ethnic difference in Africa, particularly in South Africa and Zambia, which have seen fellow black Africans fighting and killing each other through what has become known as xenophobia. These unfortunate developments have prompted some contributors in this book to ask questions similar to the following: Where has the African spirit of brotherhood gone? Do African boundaries really matter? How pragmatic is the philosophy of hunhu/ ubuntu in uniting the people of Southern Africa? The volume is made up of fifteen well-argued papers which are divided into three parts, namely; race and culture, multiculturalism and ubuntu, and culture and values. Contributors have been drawn from di- verse academic backgrounds so as to make the book appealing to a wider readership. This book is the third in a series of volumes published on Zimbabwe by the Council for Research in Values and Philosophy in the last 10 years. The first, was entitled: The Struggles after the Struggle: Zim- babwean Philosophical Studies I, published in 2008 (edited by David Kaulemu). The second was entitled: Philosophy in African Traditions and Cultures: Zimbabwean Philosophical Studies II, published in 2015 (edited by Fainos Mangena, Tarisayi Andrea Chimuka and Francis Mabiri). We trust that this volume will be a worthy contribution to the series. Introduction Revisiting the Themes of Race and Multiculture in Southern Africa FAINOS MANGENA & JOHN DOUGLAS MCCLYMONT This volume is a product of a collaborative effort between the Philo- sophical Society of Zimbabwe (PSZ) headquartered at the University of Zimbabwe’s Department of Religious Studies, Classics and Philosophy, and the Council for Research in Values and Philosophy (RVP) based at the Catholic University in America, Washington, D.C. The two philoso- phical bodies agreed to have a conference running under the theme “Philosophy, Race and Multiculturalism in Southern Africa,” and the PSZ was given the mandate to organize the conference, which took place on the 13th of May 2017 at the University of Zimbabwe’s main campus. The above theme was considered to be topical and relevant, given that South- ern Africa as a region was experiencing spates of ethnic and racial con- flicts as a result of xenophobia and academic racism. While xenophobia had seen foreigners from countries like Zimbabwe, Mozambique, Malawi and Zambia being targeted for attack by native black South Africans who accused them of taking their jobs, academic racism was seen in the philo- sophical writings of some radical white philosophers in South Africa, who still viewed blacks and their philosophies as not measuring up to their “standards.” This conference set the record straight that Africans needed to re-claim their place and space so as to unapologetically fight the scourge of xenophobia and racism, through embracing the idea of multi- culturalism. Below, we give an outline of the papers that make up this volume. In the first paper, Fainos Mangena is engaged in critical conversa- tions with renowned South African philosophers on the subject of race and African philosophy. These include: Rafael Winkler,1 Augustine Shut- te,2 Thaddeus Metz,3 and Douglas F.P. Taylor.4 In his attempt to rebut the claims of these philosophers, Mangena makes use of the critical contribu- 1R. Winkler, “Who has authority to talk about identity?” Mail & Guardian, 7 February 2017, https://mg.co.za/article/2017-02-07-00-who-has-authority-to-tal k-about-identity. 2A Shutte, Philosophy for Africa (Cape Town: UCT Press (Pty) Ltd, 1993). 3T. Metz, “Toward an African Moral Theory,” The Journal of Political Philoso- phy, 15 (2007), 321-341. 4D.F.P. Taylor, “Defining Ubuntu for Business Ethics: a Deontological Ap- proach,” South African Journal of Philosophy, 33 (3) (2014), 331-345. 2 Fainos Mangena & John Douglas McClymont tions by Mogobe Ramose,5 Makinde6 and Coetzee and Roux.7 Mangena makes it clear that the philosophical