The «Gran Scuola» of Guglielmo della Porta, the Rise of the «Aurifex Inventor», and the Education of Stefano Maderno* C. D. Dickerson III One of the great mysteries surrounding the sculpture at that time in Rome. So consummate sculptor Stefano Maderno (1575-1636) is how is the design and execution of the Santa Cecilia he managed to summon the talent to sculpt his that one assumes that Maderno produced many celebrated statue of Santa Cecilia (FIG. 1) in the other masterpieces during his long career. But the church of S. Cecilia in Trastevere, Rome. This truth is that he never came close to that alluring work, completed in 1600, thus when Maderno was Saint again. His imagination seems to have dried about twenty-five-years-old, seems to come out of up, which invites the original question: how had practically nowhere in his career. Before this he, by the age of twenty-five, developed sufficient commission, he was presumably like so many talent to design and execute the Santa Cecilia? young sculptors in Rome, content to move from One part of the answer unquestionably involves one odd marble carving job to the next in hopes the peculiar circumstances of the commission, a that a real commission might one day be subject recently explored by Tobias Kämpf.4 As forthcoming. Certainly, by the late 1590s, Maderno Kämpf makes clear, Maderno was working for had secured two or three minor commissions.1 But a patron, Cardinal Paolo Camillo Sfondrati nothing adequately prepares us for the extra- (1560-1618), who had very strong views about ordinary results that he achieved at S. Cecilia in how his titular church (especially the altar area) Trastevere. Even Maderno himself could not should be decorated. Maderno almost certainly have possibly foreseen the great critical respect received explicit instructions from Sfondrati that this statue would earn him. Today, the Santa that his statue of santa Cecilia be recumbent, as Cecilia is routinely cited as one of the most large as life, and look like a miraculously preserved innovative sculptures to be executed in Rome corpse. Given these prescriptions, Maderno had between the death of Michelangelo (1474-1564) very little choice, it would seem, but to develop and the rise of Gianlorenzo Bernini (1598- an exceptionally naturalistic design, and it begs 1680).2 Maderno depicted the martyred saint to wonder if he would have made the same lying face down on her side, the position in choice without Sfondrati’s influence. In other which her corpse was reportedly found during words, could Maderno have created the same excavations beneath the church in 1599.3 Not sculpture under different circumstances, or was only does the statue look breathtakingly real, but he almost entirely indebted to Sfondrati for his also sensously elegant - a rare combination for sculpture’s innovatory, ad vivum appearance? ∗ This essay has benefitted immeasurably from the sage advice and steady encouragement of Francesco Solinas. I am also indebted to Babette Bohn, Steven Ostrow, Nicholas Penny, Ian Wardropper, and Malcolm Warner for reading drafts of this essay and offering their invaluable comments. Finally, my sincerest thanks goes to Augusta Monferini and Maurizio Calvesi for selecting this essay for publication. 25 Even if we are tempted to give the majority of painting, sculpture, and architecture were credit to Sfondrati, it is hard to ignore how disciplines of the mind, whereas goldsmithery, successfully Maderno has realized his patron’s as a decorative art, was a manual profession, or wishes. If Maderno was uncomfortable with, or a craft. As the “high” arts gained more and more new to, the naturalism of the Santa Cecilia, prestige during the Cinquecento, goldsmiths there is no indication of it in the finished statue. became less and less recognized as capable The composition is totally resolved, and the figurative artists - this despite the plaintive carving is exquisite. Clearly, by the time of the protests of Cellini, who continued to insist that Cecilia, Maderno had become an artist of goldsmithery was the fourth of the “high” arts.11 genuine talent, and this article will propose that Other goldsmiths undoubtedly shared his view.12 part of his talent is owed to an unexpected But they did not exist in sufficient numbers to source: goldsmiths. keep their profession from undergoing at least That a goldsmith could offer valuable artistic one significant change. Whereas goldsmiths in training may not seem a very novel concept the Quattrocento tended to operate workshops considering earlier Italian art. The métier of that were centers of design in addition to goldsmith provided the launching pad for many execution (the classic example is Maso Finiguerra of the most important artists of the Renaissance, [1426-1464]), goldsmiths in the Cinquecento especially during the Quattrocento. Filippo tended to divide the two activities, relinquishing Brunelleschi (1377-1446), Donatello (1386-1466), the responsibility of design to accomplished Antonio del Pollaiuolo (1429/33-1496), and painters and sculptors.13 From at least 1500 Andrea Verrocchio (ca. 1435-88) are just a few of onward, there was a general recognition on the the many artists of the fifteenth century who trained part of all parties (including patrons) that as goldsmiths before going on to flourishing painters and sculptors were better practiced at careers as painters, sculptors, or architects.5 The design and that goldsmiths should concentrate prime example for the Cinquecento is Benvenuto on the manual, or craft, side of their art. Cellini (1500-1571).6 As several recent studies If some goldsmiths felt slighted by this new have shown, being a goldsmith in the first half segmented system, the majority of painters and of the Renaissance carried a special aura.7 The sculptors was only too happy to abide by it. Not profession could be highly lucrative, and only did it promise a new source of income, but because gold was associated with the sacred, also a new avenue for showcasing their artistic goldsmiths were often accorded a high degree talents. These rewards appear to have been of respect in society.8 Young goldsmiths enjoyed sufficiently great that at least a few painters and additional benefits. In performing the standard sculptors during the sixteenth century developed duties of a goldsmith’s apprentice, they acquired profitable side careers as goldsmith-designers. not only a slew of important technical skills but A prominent example is Guglielmo della Porta also a broad education in the art of design, or (ca. 1500-77). As the leading sculptor in Rome disegno.9 If these lessons were properly absorbed, from the early 1550s until his death in 1577, he they were easily adequate to propel the most was a natural source for goldsmiths’ designs, a ambitious trainees to successful careers in role that he accepted and pursued well beyond painting, sculpture, or architecture. drawings. First, he built a large and successful The situation had changed markedly by the first foundry operation that gave him exceptional decades of the sixteenth century. The Renaissance control over the goldsmiths’ items that he had redefined what it meant to be an artist, and designed. His other major innovation was his goldsmiths often found themselves on lower enlightened approach to the goldsmiths in his ground relative to painters, sculptors, and circle. Della Porta took the extraordinary step architects.10 The debate was couched in deeply of instituting a sort of arts academy for the theoretical terms but pivoted on the idea that goldsmiths who worked for him - what one 26 early seventeenth-century writer called his was the ability to make small models (usually in «Gran Scuola».14 This appears to have been a wax) for casting.16 For reasons that will become place where a traditional goldsmith (an aurifex apparent below, those goldsmiths who excelled as in Latin) could not only improve his technical modelers were frequently the most innovative ones. skills but also learn elements of design and thus become - to borrow the self-descriptive label of one of the most famous goldsmiths to have The Tabernacle Prophets collaborated with Guglielmo on a regular basis, Antonio Gentile da Faenza (1519-1609) - an To measure the creative capacity of the best «Aurifex Inventor» (a goldsmith inventor). In goldsmiths working in Rome during the late the end, Guglielmo’s unique and attentive sixteenth century, the essential starting place is approach to goldsmiths sparked a minor the group of four gilt-bronze seated figures revolution in goldsmith’s practice, one that was (FIGS. 3-6), described as «profeti» in a document still being felt in Rome as late as the first decade of 1602, that survive in the church of S. Luigi of the seventeenth century. This article will dei Francesi, Rome. Their importance was first analyze this change and argue that, at least for recognized by Jennifer Montagu, who described a short while, it gave rise to a small class of them as adding «not just further examples to the highly creative goldsmiths, artists who, to judge history of late Cinquecento sculpture, but a new by their works, stood to influence mainstream chapter».17 Her opinion of them is not too high, sculptors in vital ways - and Stefano Maderno but before I demonstrate why, it is important to presents one of the most illuminating cases. review their history. Some explanation is first necessary regarding The four Prophets originally accompanied a the term “goldsmith” (orefice) and how it will large gilt-bronze tabernacle (FIG. 2) that was be applied in the following pages. Technically, commissioned by Cardinal Matthieu Cointerel throughout early modern times, what separated (1519-85) (or Contarelli in Italian) for his goldsmiths from other sorts of metal sculptors private chapel in S.