UvA-DARE (Digital Academic Repository) Adaptive radiation of Australian and New Zealand Microseris (Asteraceae) Vijverberg, C.A. Publication date 2001 Document Version Final published version Link to publication Citation for published version (APA): Vijverberg, C. A. (2001). Adaptive radiation of Australian and New Zealand Microseris (Asteraceae). General rights It is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of the author(s) and/or copyright holder(s), other than for strictly personal, individual use, unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons). Disclaimer/Complaints regulations If you believe that digital publication of certain material infringes any of your rights or (privacy) interests, please let the Library know, stating your reasons. In case of a legitimate complaint, the Library will make the material inaccessible and/or remove it from the website. Please Ask the Library: https://uba.uva.nl/en/contact, or a letter to: Library of the University of Amsterdam, Secretariat, Singel 425, 1012 WP Amsterdam, The Netherlands. You will be contacted as soon as possible. UvA-DARE is a service provided by the library of the University of Amsterdam (https://dare.uva.nl) Download date:04 Oct 2021 M Maptiv ee radiation off Australian anc||jew Zealand MicroserisMicroseris (Asteraceae) ca^ftidy y Adaptivee radiation of Australian and New Zealand MicroserisMicroseris (Asteraceae) aa case study basedd on molecular and morphological markers Kittyy Vijverberg UNIVERSITYY OF AMSTERDAM 2001 1 Vijverberg,, K. Adaptivee radiation of Australian and New Zealand Microseris (Asteraceae) aa case study based on molecular and morphological markers ISBNN 90 76894 03 5 Cover,, and pages 7 and 167: MicroserisMicroseris lanceolata, "murnong" ecotype, population Ml6, Whittlesea, Victoria, Australia Photo'ss by Russel Baader, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Melbourne, Australia Printer: : Ponsenn & Looijen BV, Wageningen, The Netherlands Thiss research was supported by the Life Science Foundation (SLW, grant number SOS- SSII 63), which is subsidized by The Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO) Adaptivee radiation of Australian and New Zealand MicroserisMicroseris (Asteraceae) aa case study basedd on molecular and morphological markers ACADEMISCHH PROEFSCHRIFT terr verkrijging van de graad van doctor aan de Universiteit van Amsterdam opp gezag van de Rector Magnificus Prof.. dr. J. J. M. Franse tenn overstaan van een door het college voor promoties ingestelde commissie, inn het openbaar te verdedigen in de Aula der Universiteit opp donderdag 29 maart 2001, te 14.00 uur door r Catharinaa Adriana Vijverberg geborenn te Delft PROMOTIEE COMMISSIE Promotor: : Prof.. Dr. K. Bachmann Universiteitt van Amsterdam/ IPKK Gatersleben Overigee leden: Prof.. Dr. P. Baas Universiteitt Leiden/ Rijksherbarium Proff Dr. E. Gittenberger Universiteitt Leiden/ Naturalis Prof.. Dr. W. W. de Jong Universiteitt van Amsterdam/ Katholiekee Universiteit Nijmegen Prof.. Dr. S. B. J. Menken Universiteitt van Amsterdam Prof.. Dr. J. L. Olsen Rijksuniversiteitt Groningen Prof.. Dr. T. F. Stuessy Universityy of Vienna Faculteitt der Natuurwetenschappen, Wiskunde en Informatica Contents s ChapterChapterIntroductio 1 n n 9 9 Relevancee and aim of this study Adaptivee radiation Molecularr markers in evolutionary biology Phylogeneticc inference Classificationn of Microseris Originn and taxonomy of the Australian and New Zealand Microseris Agee of the taxon and mode of dispersal Breedingg system ChapterChapterChloroplas 2 tt DNA evidence for the evolution of Microseris (Asteraceae)) in Australia and New Zealand after long-distance dispersall from western North America. Publishedd in: American Journal of Botany 86(10): 1448-1463 (1999) ChapterChapterMolecula 3 rr evolution of a tandemly repeated trnF(GAA) gene in the 77 7 chloroplastt genomes of Microseris (Asteraceae) and the use of structurall mutations in phylogenetic analyses. Publishedd in: Molecular Biology and Evolution 16(10): 1329-1340 (1999) ) ChapterChapterIncipien 4 tt adaptive radiation of New Zealand and Australian 101 1 MicroserisMicroseris (Asteraceae): an amplified fragment length polymorphismm (AFLP) study. Publishedd in: Journal of Evolutionary Biology 13: 997-1008 (2000) ChapterChapterMorphological 5 ,, evolutionary, taxonomie, and conservational 121 1 aspectss of Australian and New Zealand Microseris (Asteraceae). Acceptedd by: Australian Journal of Botany References References 147 7 Summary y 169 9 Samenvatting g 173 3 Nawoord d 179 9 Curriculumm Vitae Nederlands 181 1 ii i "" English 182 2 Publications s 183 3 Abbreviations s cpDNAA chloroplast DNA mtDNAA mitochondrial DNA nDNAA nuclear DNA rDNAA ribosomal DNA nrDNAA nuclear ribosomal DNA rRNAA ribosomal RNA IGSS intergenic spacer ITSS internal transcribed spacers bpp base pairs kbb kilo base pairs PCRR polymerase chain reaction AFLPss amplified fragment length polymorphisms RAPDss random amplified polymorphic DNAs RFLPss restriction site length polymorphisms PCC A principal component analysis PCoAA principal coordinate analysis UPGMAA unweighted pair-group method using arithmetic averages CII consistency index RII retention index "A" " 'alpine"" ecotype "Ant" " 'nontypicall alpine" ecotype "C" " 'coastal"" ecotype up» » 'fine-pappus"" ecotype "Fnt" " 'nontypicall fine-pappus" ecotype "M" " 'murnong"" ecotype "Mnt" " 'nontypicall murnong" ecotype "nt" " 'nontypical" " Mya a millionn years ago ya a yearss ago ChapterChapter 1 Introduction n RelevanceRelevance and aim of this study Thee adaptive radiation of Australian and New Zealand Microseris, M. lanceolata (Walp.) Sch.-Bip. andd M. scapigera (Forst.) Sch.-Bip., has been studied by reconstructing its evolutionary history on thee basis of" molecular markers and by comparing its morphological and molecular diversification. Thiss plant group is a unique model system to investigate adaptive radiation, because it is supposed too have originated from one or a few diaspores after a single introduction into Australia or New Zealandd via long-distance dispersal from western North America (see Origin of the taxon pg. 31). Itss present distribution covers both islands of New Zealand, Tasmania, and south(east)ern Australiaa (Fig. 1 of Chapter 2), and there are different ecotypes (Fig. 2 and Table 1 of Chapter 2; Chapterr 5). The case differs from most other studies on adaptive radiation in plants by focussing onn the onset of speciation. The populations of Australian and New Zealand Microseris are just at thee crucial stage in which geographical and ecological differentiation is becoming sufficiently pronouncedd to overcome gene flow. The low taxonomie level at which the investigations were performedd confronted the research with the lower limits of the utility of molecular markers for systematicc purposes. The aims of the study were (1) to resolve and illustrate the early stage of the processs of adaptive radiation, and (2) to investigate and debate the value of the different marker systemss for tracing the evolutionary history at or below the species level. Inn this chapter (Chapter 1), a general introduction to the study is presented. In the first half,, attention is given to adaptive radiation, the sources and use of molecular markers at the lowerr taxonomie levels (at or below the species level), and the phylogenetic inferences from the data.. The second half concerns the classification of Microseris, the origin of the Australian and Neww Zealand Microseris, the age of the taxon, and its breeding system. In Chapter 2, a phylogeny reconstructionn of the Australian and New Zealand Microseris is presented on the basis of restrictionn fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) in the variable regions of the chloroplast (cp)DNA.. In addition, it is argued that small length mutations (<200 bp, 80% of which are <20 bp)) are reliable markers for phylogeny reconstructions at the low taxonomie levels, as long as consistencyy indexes are high. Chapter 3 clearly visualizes the molecular evolution of a tandemly repeatedd /r«F(GAA) gene that was detected in the chloroplast genomes of all species of Microseris ass well as in their sister taxon Uropappus. The results suggest that length polymorphisms accumulatee relatively easily and in parallel once a duplicated sequence has become incorporated. Theyy clearly limit the use of length polymorphisms as indicators for phylogenetic distance. In Chapterr 4, the genetic structure of the nuclear (n)DNA of Australian and New Zealand Microseris 9 9 ChapterChapter 1 iss determined with the use of amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLPs) and compared to geographical,, ecotype, and cpDNA distribution. The results illustrate the precarious balance betweenn geographic isolation that favours genetic differentiation, hybridization that reduces geneticc differentiation, and selection that favours morphological differentiation during the early stagee of adaptive radiation. The nDNA did not supply enough RFLPs or variation in the internal transcribedd spacers (ITS) of cistrons for ribosomal (r)RNA to reconstruct the nDNA phylogenetic relationshipss among the Australian and New Zealand Microseris. The ITS sequence variation amongg the different species of Microseris was, however, sufficient to draw systematic conclusions att the generic level (Fig. 3). In Chapter 5, the morphological diversification of Australian and Neww Zealand Microseris is analysed in more detail, and the results are discussed in the context