OM KRIGETS FÖRUTSÄTTNINGAR Den militära underhållsproblematiken och det civila samhället i norra Sverige och Finland under Finska krigetl808-09 Martin Hårdstedt Om krigets förutsättningar Den militära underhållsproblematiken och det civila samhället i norra Sverige och Finland under Finska kriget 1808-09 Akademisk avhandling som med tillstånd av rektorsämbetet vid Umeå universitet för avläggande av filosofie doktorsexamen offentligen försvaras i Humanisthuset, hörsal E fredagen den 8 juni 2002, klockan 10.15 av Martin Hårdstedt Martin Hårdstedt, Om krigets förutsättningar. Den militära underhållsproblematiken och det civila samhället i norra Sverige och Finland under Finska kriget 1808—09 IThe Preconditions of War. Logisti- cal Problems and Civilian Society in Northern Finland and Sweden in the Finnish War 1808—09] Swedish text with a summery in English and Finnish. Department of Historical Studies, Umeå University, Sweden Umeå 2002, Monograph, 380 pp ISSN 1651-0046 ISBN 91-7305-258-2 Abstract The Finnish War 1808—1809 started in February 1808 by a Russian attack on Finland and ended by the peace treaty of Fredrikshamn in September 1809. The peace meant the dissolution of the six- hundred-year old Swedish-Finnish realm. The Finnish War 1808-09 was fought in the poor and isolated areas of the north of Sweden and Finland. This thesis deals with the preconditions for the supply of an army and warfare in the northern parts of Finland and Sweden in the period 1808-809. The problems of the supply service and the role of locai civilian society within the military supply system are the focus of attention. The thesis aims at posing new questions as well as supplying a new perspective on the nature of warfare at this period of time. A modified picture of the Finnish War of 1808-1809 will also be presented. Three areas of problems are addressed: 1) The resources in the war zone, war plans and supply Organization; 2) Logistical problems; 3) The role of civilian society as a resource within the military supply system. Both the Swedish Army and the Russian Army are examined. Geographically the scope of the the­ sis is restricted to three counties in northern Sweden and Finland, namely Västerbotten in Sweden, Oulu and Vaasa in Finland. The most signifìcant findings of this thesis are that the preconditions for supply during the Finnish War 1808-1809 to a large extent equal to the ability and the will of the locai population to offer provisions and render services. It can also be shown that supply was instrumental in the warfare during certain criticai periods, especially in the summer of 1808. The difference between the Russian and the Swedish supply systems is to a large extent indicative of the outcome of the war. The Russian decentralized supply system proved more flexible than the Swedish did, despite an apparently superior Organization of the latter. Additionally, it is an important realization that supply as a key factor in warfare is not made up of just delivery of food stuff and forage but also comprises vital functions like grinding of flour and baking of bread. From a European perspective the issue of supply proves to be a difficult one in Finland as well as in other peripheral states, e.g. Spain. When the locai resources are sparse a supply system based on Storage is required on the one hand and systematic co-operation with the locai population on the other. Keywords: The Finnish War 1808-09, logistics, war and society, war, supplies, military supply sys­ tem, artels, farmers, civilian administration, burghers, Sweden and the Napoleonic Wars. Om krigets förutsättningar Martin Hårdstedt, Om krigets förutsättningar. Den militära underhållsproblematiken och det civila samhället i norra Sverige och Finland under Finska kriget 1808-09 [The Preconditions of War. Logisti- cal Problems and Civilian Society in Northern Finland and Sweden in the Finnish War 1808-09] Swedish text with a summery in English and Finnish. Department of Historical Studies, Umeå University, Sweden Umeå 2002, Monograph, 380 pp ISSN 1651-0046 ISBN 91-7305-258-2 Abstract The Finnish War 1808—1809 started in February 1808 by a Russian attack on Finland and ended by the peace treaty of Fredrikshamn in September 1809« The peace meant the dissolution of the six- hundred-year old Swedish-Finnish realm. The Finnish War 1808-09 was fought in the poor and isolated areas of the north of Sweden and Finland. This thesis deals with the preconditions for the supply of an army and warfare in the northern parts of Finland and Sweden in the period 1808—809- The problems of the supply service and the role of locai civilian society within the military supply system are the focus of attention. The thesis aims at posing new questions as well as supplying a new perspective on the nature of warfare at this period of rime. A modified picture of the Finnish War of 1808-1809 will also be presented. Three areas of problems are addressed: 1) The resources in the war zone, war plans and supply Organization ; 2) Logistical problems; 3) The role of civilian society as a resource within the military supply system. Both the Swedish Army and the Russian Army are examined. Geographically the scope of the the­ sis is restricted to three counties in northern Sweden and Finland, namely Västerbotten in Sweden, Oulu and Vaasa in Finland. The most signiflcant findings of this thesis are that the preconditions for supply during the Finnish War 1808-1809 are to a large extent equal to the ability and the will of the locai population to offer provisions and render services. It can also be shown that supply was instrumental in the warfare during certain criticai periods, especially in the summer of 1808. The difference between the Russian and the Swedish supply systems is to a large extent indicative of the outcome of the war. The Russian decentralized supply system proved more flexible than the Swedish did, despite an apparendy superior Organization of the latter. Additionally, it is an important realization that supply as a key factor in warfare is not made up of just delivery of food stuffand forage but also comprises vital functions like grinding of flour and baking of bread. From a European perspective the issue of supply proves to be a difficult one in Finland as well as in other peripheral states, e.g. Spain. When the locai resources are sparse a supply system based on Storage is required on the one hand and systematic co-operation with the locai population on the other. Keywords: The Finnish War 1808-09, logistics, war and society, war, supplies, military supply sys­ tem, artels, farmers, civilian administration, burghers, Sweden and the Napoleonic Wars. Om krigets förutsättningar Den militära underhållsproblematiken och det civila samhället i norra Sverige och Finland under Finska kriget 1808—09 Martin Hårdstedt Skrifter från institutionen för historiska studier 3 Umeå universitet Institutionen för historiska studier Umeå universitet S-901 87 Umeå Tel 090-786 55 79 Fax 090-786 76 67 © Martin Hårdstedt och Institutionen för historiska studier, Umeå universitet 2002 Tryck: Solfjädern Offset AB, Umeå Omslag och sättning: Anders Kjellberg ISSN 1651-0046 ISBN 91-7305-258-2 Omslagsbild: Illustration ur Nordensvan, C O. Finska kriget 1808—1809, Stockholm 1898. Till minne av min morfars farfars far, Erik Ström., som endast 18 år gammal lämnade sina teologistudier i Uppsala och gick ut i kriget 1808, deltog i striderna både i Finland och Västerbotten, avancerade tillfänrik vid Västerbottens regemente, tillfångatogs vid Skellefteå den 1$ maj 1809, tillbrin­ gade krigsfingenskap i Karelen, överlevde slagen, umbärandena och sjukdomarna och slutade som kapten vid Västerbottens falljägarkår. Förord 15 KAPITEL 1 Kriget, underhållet och det civila samhället — utgångspunkter, källor och metod 21 Inledning 21 Utgångspunkter: underhållsproblematiken och det civila samhället 25 Underhåll i den europeiska periferin: forskningsläget 35 Finska kriget 1808-09 1 den tidigare forskningen 38 Syfte och frågeställningar 46 Källmaterial och metod 47 Disposition, avgränsningar och definitioner 53 KAPITEL 2 Finska kriget i det europeiska sammanhanget - bakgrund och utblick 55 Inledning 55 Den tidigmoderna arméns underhåll - plundring och magasinering 56 "En armé marscherar på sin mage" - Napoleons underhållssystem 60 Finska kriget 1808-09 ~ kort bakgrund och historik 64 KAPITEL 3 Krigsområdet, planer och underhållsorganisation inför krigsutbrottet 1808 68 Inledning 68 Krigsområdets egenskaper 69 Det finska försvarsproblemet 74 Den svenska försvarsplanen 1808 78 Ryska krigsmål och planer 1808 79 Den svenska armén - ledning och underhållsorganisation 82 Transporterna: tross, kronoskjuts och befraktning 89 Ryska armén - ledning och underhållsorganisation 93 Sammanfattning 96 KAPITEL 4 Underhållet under kriget i Finland 1808 97 Inledning 97 Svenska arméns underhåll i Finland 1808 98 Krigföringens och underhållets problem i Finland 1808 98 Svenska arméns livsmedel och foder — normen och verkligheten 103 Underhållets grundläggande principer — magasinssystemet i Finland 1808 110 Underhållet i närbild — Piexamäki kompani Savolax infanteriregemente och försörjningen i juni, augusti och november månad 1808 114 Upphandling eller utskrivning kontanter eller kvittenser — de lokala resurserna 118 Priser och tillgången på kontanter 120 Spannmål och mjöl — målning 123 Brödförsörjningen — båkningen 126 Sovelvaror — salt och fiirskt kött, salt fisk 130 Höförsörjningen 755 Två operationsriktningar — underhållet av y.e brigaden i Savolax 135