Aircraft Motion & Control Flight Speed Flight Speeds Method of measuring flight speed 4 levels of flight Sonic boom Sound barrier Flight Speeds Measuring speed How is motor vehicle speed measured? Flight Speeds Measuring speed How is aircraft speed measured? Flight Speeds Aircraft flight speed is measured via a “Mach” number Mach number A quantity that defines how quickly a vehicle travels with respect to the speed of sound Flight Speeds Mach numbers 0.5 Mach = 1/2 times the speed of sound Mach 1 = the speed of sound Mach 2 = 2 x the speed of sound Etc. Flight Speeds What is the speed of sound? Flight Speeds Speed of sound Is a basic property of the atmosphere that changes with temperature Flight Speeds The actual speed of sound varies depending on the altitude above sea level Sound travels at slightly different temperatures, and the temperatures vary according to altitude Flight Speeds Speed of sound At sea level, the speed of sound is approximately 760 mph At 20,000 feet, the speed of sound is approximately 660 mph Flight Speeds Speed of sound So, the higher the altitude, the faster or slower the actual speed of sound? Flight Speeds Review Aircraft flight speed is measured with what type of number: A. Mach B. MPH C. Kilometer Flight Speeds Review The speed of sound is a basic property of the atmosphere that changes with: A. Time B. Temperature C. Weather Flight Speeds Review The actual speed of sound varies, depending on the __ above sea level: A. Magnitude B. Altitude C. Time Flight Speeds Review Sound travels at slightly different ___, which vary according to altitude: A. Magnitudes B. Times C. Temperatures Flight Speeds Review At sea level, the speed of sound is approximately ___: A. 350 mph B. 760 mph C. 1200 mph Flight Speeds Four primary levels of flight speed Subsonic Transonic Supersonic Hypersonic Flight Speeds What’s the root word of each of the primary levels of flight? Subsonic Transonic Supersonic Hypersonic Flight Speeds What does the word “sonic” relate to? Flight Speeds Sonic: Sound Audible to the human ear Flight Speeds Subsonic 350 – 750 mph Light, powerful engines Example: Small passenger aircraft Commercial jets Flight Speeds Transonic 750 to 760 mph Flies right at the speed of sound Lighter, more powerful engines Can travel quickly Example: Lear jets Flight Speeds Supersonic 760 to 3500 mph Flies above the speed of sound Aircraft in this category: Have specially designed high performance engines Designed with lightweight materials to provide less drag Example The Concorde Military Aircraft Flight Speeds Hypersonic 3500 to 7000 mph Travel in this category can be 5 to 10 times the speed of sound as the craft goes into orbit Specialized material and very powerful engines were developed to handle this rate of speed Example The Space Shuttle Flight Speeds Review: List the four primary levels of flight: _____sonic _____sonic _____sonic _____sonic Flight Speeds Review: Sonic relates to: A. Speed B. Temperature C. Sound Flight Speeds Review: Which type aircraft fly at subsonic speeds: A. Military aircraft: 760 to 3500 mph B. Lear jets: 750 to 760 mph C. Small passenger aircraft and commercial jets: 350 to 750 mph Flight Speeds Review: Which type aircraft fly at supersonic speeds: A. Military aircraft: 760 to 3500 mph B. Lear jets: 750 to 760 mph C. Small passenger aircraft and commercial jets: 350 to 750 mph Flight Speeds Review: Which type aircraft fly at transonic speeds: A. Military aircraft: 760 to 3500 mph B. Lear jets: 750 to 760 mph C. Small passenger aircraft and commercial jets: 350 to 750 mph Flight Speeds Review: Aircraft flying at hypersonic speeds: A. Travel 5 to 10 times less than the speed of sound B. Travel right at the speed of sound C. Travel 5 to 10 times more than the speed of sound Flight Speeds Review: What type of aircraft fly at hypersonic speeds: A. Military fighter jets B. Commercial air passenger planes C. NASA space shuttles Flight Speeds Flight Speeds Sonic boom A loud, thunder-like noise heard by a person on the ground when an aircraft flies overhead at supersonic speeds Flight Speeds Sonic boom: Air reacts like a fluid to supersonic objects As objects travel through the air, the air molecules are pushed aside with great force This force forms a shock wave, much like the wave created by the fronts of a boat moving in water Flight Speeds Sonic boom: The shock wave forms a cone of pressurized air A sharp release of pressure after the buildup of a shock wave is heard as the sonic boom occurs Flight Speeds Sonic boom: Similar to the sharp release of pressure when a pin pops a balloon and makes a noise Flight Speeds Sound barrier A “wall” between subsonic and supersonic speed levels Level at which the sonic boom occurs Breaking the sound barrier Process of accelerating through Mach 1 and going from subsonic to supersonic speeds Flight Speeds F-18 speeds up to supersonic speed as it is flying through an unusual cloud This cloud sometimes forms as aircraft break the sound barrier Flight Speeds Review: Sonic booms occur when aircraft fly at what flight level: Transonic Supersonic Hypersonic Flight Speeds Review: Sonic booms sound most similar to: A. Thunder B. Drum rolls C. Books dropping Flight Speeds Review: A sharp release of pressure after the build up of a ___ is heard as the sonic boom occurs: A. Thunderstorm B. Volcanic eruption C. Shock wave Flight Speeds Review: A sound barrier is a ___ between the subsonic and supersonic speed levels: A. Wall B. Break C. Net Flight Speeds Method of measuring flight speed 4 levels of flight Sonic boom Sound barrier Aircraft Motion & Control Flight Speed Aircraft Motion & Control Future Lesson: Pilot Control Center.