FLORIDA . The Story Continues CHAPTER 17, Reconstruction, (1865–1877) PEOPLE 1868: Jonathan Gibbs (1827–1874), an African Ameri- can, serves as Florida’s secretary of state. Jonathan Gibbs was born in Pennsylvania and studied at two prestigious schools: Dartmouth College and Princeton University. As a free man and a Presbyterian minister, Gibbs worked for equal rights for African Americans before and after the Civil War. He moved to Florida in 1865, joined the Republican Party, and was a delegate to the Florida State Constitutional Convention in 1868. After serving as secretary of state for four years, he became Florida’s superintendent of public education in 1872. After PLACES 1866: Freed slaves begin to build Lincolnville. the Civil War, African Americans settled in an area of St. Augustine that, in 1878, was named Lincolnville. e neigh- borhood’s residents built homes and churches, established businesses, and engaged in local politics. Nevertheless, over the next several decades, St. Augustine became one of the most segregated cities in the nation. During the 1960s, civil rights demonstrations in Lincolnville helped spur passage of the U.S. Civil Rights Act of 1964. Lincolnville was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1991. With its numerous examples of 19th and 20th century architecture and its history of segrega- Florida. .The Story Continues tion, Lincolnville today stands as an important reminder of the legacy of Reconstruction and civil rights in the American south. See Chapter 1 After EVENTS 1865–1866: Southern states adopt Black Codes. the Civil War, states of the former Confederacy states drew up laws known as Black Codes. ese statutes prohibited Photo credits: 547 FL1 6-8_SSFLAESE607511_C17_SC.indd 1 2/21/11 3:23:13 PM African Americans from securing the to pay them. As a result, the two parties same rights and freedoms white people engaged in sharecropping. In this enjoyed. By requiring one-year contracts arrangement, African Americans rented between workers and employers, Black land and raised crops—mainly cotton Codes addressed Southern landowners’ and tobacco—on plantations in fears that African Americans would leave exchange for a share of the harvest, their plantation jobs. Florida codes which they sold for money. As share- allowed beatings of African Americans if croppers, blacks made little or no money they broke their contracts by not work- because of the high cost of seed and ing, not showing up for work, or by equipment they needed and reduced swearing. e Black Codes also de ned prices for crops. who would be considered a black person and prohibited Africa Americans from voting, serving on juries, serving in EVENTS 1868: Florida is readmitted to militias, holding political o ce, and the Union. During Recon- marrying white people. struction, the federal government imposed certain standards on southern states before they could rejoin the Union. Florida initially rejected some of EVENTS 1866: Landowners and African Americans resort to sharecrop- the requirements and was placed under ping to survive. After the Civil War, federal military rule. After taking legisla- freed slaves needed to support them- tive action to insure rights for African selves. Plantation owners needed work- Americans, Florida was permitted to ers to farm their land but had no money rejoin the Union. Unpacking the Florida Standards <… Read the following to learn what this standard says and what it means. See FL8–FL21 to unpack all other standards related to this chapter. SS.8.A.1.6 Compare interpretations of key events and issues throughout American History. What does it mean? Florida. .The Story Continues Understand that historians often reach different conclusions when they interpret events of American history and identify different interpretations of key events and issues from American history. Go to the Social Studies Skills lessons that appear at the end of Chapters 4, 5, 9, and 15 for help. See Chapter 1 SS.8.A.2.1, SS.8.A.4.17, SS.8.A.4.18 See Spotlight on Florida History for Photo credits: content specifically related to these Chapter 17 standards. 547 FL2 2_6-8_SSFLAESE607511_C17_SC 2 2/26/11 8:43:19 AM CHAPTER 17 1865–1877 Reconstruction Essential Question How did a deeply divided nation move forward after the Civil War? Florida Next Generation Sunshine State Standards LA.8.1.6.1 The student will use new vocabulary that is introduced and taught directly; LA.8.1.6.2 The student will listen to, read, and discuss familiar and conceptually challenging text; LA.8.6.2.2 The student will assess, orga- nize, synthesize, and evaluate the validity and reliability of information in text, using a variety of techniques by examining several sources of information, including both primary and secondary sources; SS.8.A.1.1 Provide supporting details for an answer from text, interview for oral history, check validity of information from research/text, and identify strong vs. weak arguments. SS.8.A.1.3 Analyze current events relevant to American History topics through a variety of electronic and print media resourc- es. SS.8.A.1.4 Differentiate fact from opinion, utilize appropriate historical research and fiction/nonfiction support materials. SS.8.A.1.6 Compare interpretations of key events and issues throughout American History. SS.8.A.1.7 View historic events through the eyes of those who were there as shown in their art, writings, music, and artifacts. SS.8.A.5.3 Explain major domestic and international economic, military, political, and socio-cultural events of Abraham Lincoln’s presidency. SS.8.A.5.8 Ex- plain and evaluate the policies, practices, and consequences of Reconstruction (presidential and congressional reconstruction, Johnson’s impeachment, Civil Rights Act of 1866, the 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments, opposition of Southern whites to Reconstruction, accomplishments and failures of Radical Reconstruction, presidential election of 1876, end of Reconstruction, rise of Jim Crow laws, rise of Ku Klux Klan). SS.8.C.1.6 Evaluate how amendments to the Constitution have expanded voting rights from our nation’s early history to present day. SS.8.C.2.1 Evalu- ate and compare the essential ideals and principles of American constitutional government expressed in primary sources from the colonial period to Reconstruc- tion. SS.8.G.2.1 Identify the physical elements and the human elements that define and differentiate regions as relevant to American history. SS.8.G.4.6 Use political maps to describe changes in boundaries and governance throughout American history. SS.8.G.5.1 Describe human dependence on the physical environment and natural resources to satisfy basic needs in local environments in the United States. 1865 Abraham Lincoln is assassinated. FOCUS ON WRITING 1865 Job History When the Civil War ended, it was time to rebuild. People were ready to get back to work. But life had changed for many people 1865 and would continue to change. As you read this chapter, think about jobs Black Jamaicans rebel against the wealthy people may have had during Reconstruction. planter class. 548 CHAPTER 17 6-8_SSFLAESE607511_C17O.indd 548 1/25/11 7:25:40 AM Lincoln’s Legacy The ruins of this Virginia plantation stand as a bleak reminder of the changes brought to the South by the Civil War. 1868 1870 1877 President Andrew Hiram Revels The Compromise of 1877 Johnson is becomes the first ends Reconstruction. impeached and African American almost removed to serve in the from office. U.S. Senate. 1870 1875 18 8 0 1868 1869 1871 The Meiji dynasty The Suez Canal opens, Otto von Bismarck and returns to power linking the Mediterranean Wilhelm I unite Germany. in Japan. and Red seas. RECONSTRUCTION 549 6-8_SNLAESE484693_C17O.indd 549 7/1/10 10:42:21 PM Reading Social Studies Science and Economics Geography Politics Society Technology and Culture Focus on Themes In this chapter you will You will read about the political confl icts that read about the time immediately after the Civil War. emerged as southern leadership worked to gain You will see how the government tried to rebuild control of Reconstruction efforts. Throughout the the South and will learn about how life changed for chapter, you will read how the culture of the South African Americans after slavery was declared illegal. changed after the War. Evaluating Historical Information Focus on Reading History books are full of to understanding the topic and be verifi able. information. As you read, you are confronted with Anything else distracts from the material you are names, dates, places, terms, and descriptions on studying. every page. You don’t want to have to deal with The fi rst passage below includes several pieces of anything unimportant or untrue. irrelevant and nonessential information. In the sec- Identifying Relevant and Essential Information ond, this information has been removed. Note how Information in a history book should be relevant to much easier the revised passage is to comprehend. the topic you’re studying. It should also be essential First Passage Revised Passage Lincoln’s President Abraham Lincoln, who was appearance President Abraham Lincoln wanted very tall, wanted to reunite the nation and the day on to reunite the nation as quickly and as quickly and painlessly as possible. which the war painlessly as possible. He had pro- ended are not He had proposed a plan for readmit- essential facts. posed a plan for readmitting the ting the southern states even before southern states even before the war the war ended, which happened on a ended. Called the Ten Percent Plan, Sunday. Called the Ten Percent Plan, it offered southerners amnesty, or it offered southerners amnesty, or offi - offi cial pardon, for all illegal acts sup- cial pardon, for all illegal acts support- Amnesty porting the rebellion.