KARATE 1.0 Parameter of an Ancient Martial Art KARATE 1.0 Parameter of an Ancient Martial Art ANDREAS QUAST AQ Andreas Quast 2013 Copyright © 2013 by Andreas Quast All rights reserved. This book or any portion thereof may not be reproduced or used in any manner whatsoever without the express written permission of the publisher except for the use of brief quotations in a book review or scholarly journal. First Printing: 2013 Andreas Quast 40472 Düsseldorf, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany www.ryukyu-bugei.com Disclaimer: Please note that the author and publisher of this book are NOT RESPONSIBLE in any manner whatsoever for any injury that may result from practicing the techniques and/or following the instructions given within. Since the physical activities described herein may be too strenuous in nature for some readers to engage in safely, it is essential that a physician be consulted prior to training. Corpora putrescunt tumulis, mens vivit Olympo. Sola hic virtutis gloria firma manet. Contents Notes ...............................................................................................................................................ix Abbreviations ..............................................................................................................................xi Foreword by Miguel Da Luz .................................................................................................xiii Foreword by Patrick McCarthy.............................................................................................xv Foreword by Cesar Borkowski ...........................................................................................xvii Foreword by Dr. Julian Braun..............................................................................................xix Foreword by Jesse Enkamp...................................................................................................xxi Foreword by Heiko Bittmann ............................................................................................xxiii Foreword by Leif Hermansson............................................................................................xxv Preface......................................................................................................................................xxvii Introduction ..................................................................................................................................1 Part I Old Ryūkyū Internal Affairs.........................................................................................7 CHAPTER 1 Formation Period......................................................................................................9 CHAPTER 2 Consolidation of Society and the 1st Dynasty ................................................15 Summary of the Early Military State of Affairs..................................................................................................16 Settlements to Stone Gusuku ....................................................................................................................................19 Metal Articles and Weaponry....................................................................................................................................22 A Helmet Revealing History.......................................................................................................................................25 Shō Hashi and the 1st Dynasty ..................................................................................................................................26 A Glimpse of the Shuri Court.....................................................................................................................................31 CHAPTER 3 The Royal 2nd Dynasty under King Shō Shin..................................................35 The Character of Shō Shin’s Era...............................................................................................................................35 The Floating Islet............................................................................................................................................................37 CHAPTER 4 The Government Organization since Shō Shin .............................................41 Distinctive Hierarchical Layers................................................................................................................................41 Government Institutions and Personnel..............................................................................................................44 Part II Old Ryūkyū Foreign Affairs .....................................................................................59 CHAPTER 5 Investiture and Tribute Trade Relation with China...................................61 Beginning and Early Situation of the Tributary Relation..............................................................................61 The People of Kumemura–Ming Era ......................................................................................................................63 Into the Great Age of Trade........................................................................................................................................65 Five Centuries of Sino-Ryūkyūan Relations........................................................................................................69 CHAPTER 6 Ryūkyū and Japan Sequence of Events Towards the Shimazu Takeover .............................................................................................................................................................. 87 Trade Interests, Power Shifts, Japan-Ryūkyū Relations................................................................................87 Hideyoshi...........................................................................................................................................................................92 Tokugawa Ieyasu............................................................................................................................................................93 The Course of the Hostile Takeover.......................................................................................................................95 Part III Satsuma Takeover to Transition Period ...........................................................99 CHAPTER 7 1609 to Shō Shōken.............................................................................................101 Stipulation of the Ryūkyū Kingdom under the Shimazu ............................................................................101 Main Permanent Control Mechanisms...............................................................................................................103 Weapons Control Regulations During the Era of Satsuma Control .......................................................115 CHAPTER 8 Edo-nobori .............................................................................................................123 An Edo-nobori in the Early Eighteenth Century ............................................................................................123 CHAPTER 9 Important Shifts in the Qing China Relations.............................................127 The People of Kumemura–Qing Era ....................................................................................................................127 Three Famous Private Students............................................................................................................................128 Fujian Connection I–The Qiu-merchants ..........................................................................................................129 Fujian Connection II–Ryūkyū’s Illicit Trade.....................................................................................................130 The Establishment of the Customs Office .........................................................................................................132 Sea Journeys and Pirates..........................................................................................................................................133 CHAPTER 10 Transition Period from Shō Shōken to Sai On, 1666-1730s ...............135 The Ideological Framework of the Ryūkyū Kingdom ..................................................................................135 Curtailment of the Hiki and its Members, 1666-1730s...............................................................................138 The Reform of the Hiki System and its Members ..........................................................................................148 Conclusion from the Transformation of Seitō and Kerai Akukabe ........................................................159 The Guardian of Hokuzan and its Transformation .......................................................................................160 Classification of Ranks, Titles in Early Modern Ryūkyū .............................................................................163 CHAPTER 11 Western Encounters I ......................................................................................165 Notes by the Portuguese...........................................................................................................................................165 William Adams..............................................................................................................................................................166