Michigan Indian Treaties Professor Matthew L.M. Fletcher Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa and Chippewa Indians Michigan State University College of Law The Three Fires . Ottawa (Odawa) . Chippewa (Ojibwe) . Potawatomi (Bodewadmi) General Types of Treaties . Alliance . Removal . Land Cession/Sales . Reservation Establishment . Payment and Establishment of Federal Services (trust funds, education, fishing industry, agriculture, religion) 1821 & 1833 Treaties of Chicago . Pokagon Band of Potawatomi Indians . Huron Nottawaseppi Band of Potawatomi Indians . Match-E-Be-Nash-She-Wish Band of Pottawatomi Indians (Gun Lake Band) . Massive Land Cession Treaties 1836 Treaty of Washington . Bay Mills Indian Community . Little Traverse Bay Bands of Odawa Indians . Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa and Chippewa Indians . Little River Band of Ottawa Indians . Sault Ste. Marie Tribe of Chippewa Indians . Burt Lake Band of Ottawa Indians; Grand River Band of Ottawa and Chippewa Indians; Others (Mackinac, Thunder Bay, etc.) . Massive Land Cession/Reservation Establishment/Removal? 1842 Treaty of LaPointe . Keewenaw Bay Indian Community (Chippewa) . Lac Vieux Desert Band of Chippewa Indians . Several Wisconsin Tribes 1855 Treaty of Detroit . 1836 Treaty Signatories (excluding Burt Lake) . Allotment Treaty to remedy implementation problems with 1836 Treaty . Followed by 1870s Acts of Congress 1855 Treaty of Detroit & 1864 Treaty (Saginaw Chippewa) . First Treaty Parallel to 1855 Treaty with the Ottawas and Chippewas . Allotment and Establishment of Reservations Michigan Treaty Map—Land Cessions Threats to Indian People . Removal – the US threatened to make Michigan Indians to move to land west of the Mississippi – Many Indians did flee to Canada – Oklahoma Ottawas, Prairie Band Potawatomi, Citizen Band Potawatomi . Hostile Non-Indians . Land Speculators Administrative Termination . 1870s through the 1970s-1990s, and ongoing . Lower Peninsula Ottawa and Potawatomi Tribes . For example, GTB and the 1872 Columbus Delano Letter . Failed Promise of the 1934 IRA . Indian Claims Commission Suits The Termination Era in Michigan . Urban Relocation . State and Local Social Service Departments . Continued Dispossession of Indian Lands The Great Society Programs . Federal Social Services . Urban Indian Centers . 1960s Study Treaty Rights Fight . People v. Jondreau (1971) . People v. LeBlanc (1976) . United States v. Michigan (1973-1985, and 1985, 2000 Consent Decrees) . 2007 Consent Decree Federal Recognition . Sault Tribe (1975) . GTB (1980) . LVD (1988) . LTBB, Pokagon, LRB (1994) . Nottawaseppi Huron Band (1998) . Gun Lake Band (1999) Modern Treaty Rights . Indian Reservations . Great Lakes Fishing . Inland Hunting, Fishing, and Gathering . Education . Special Relationship with federal government . Sovereignty The Word for Pie Baashkiminsigebiitoojishkweginiganak .