INSTITUTE OF RESOURCE ASSESSMENT UNIVERSITY OF DAR ES SALAAM 824 T Z.S I 8 4 RESEARCH REPORT NO. 63 DEVELOPMENT OF WATER SUPPLIES IN SINGIDA REGION, TANZANIA THE REALITES FOR VILLAGE WOMEN CAROLYN HANNAN - ANDERSSON • S. — - I. — —--- 824_3596 Institute of Resource Assessment University of Dar es Salaam Research Report No. 63 DEVELOPMENT OF WATER SUPPLIES IN SINGIDA REGION, TANZANIA THE REALITIES FOR VILLAGE WOMEN. Carolyn Hannari—Andersson Wat~5jpP’Y -ì LL - I ~.i~ uI~LY June 1984 Li LG) 0’ ~‘ •t. H1/14 Institute of Resource Assessment University of Dar es Salaam LC): ‘B~-~ P.O. Box 35097 Dar es Salaam Tanzania ABSTRACT This study, carried out in 3 villages, aimed to investigate the role of women in improvements to domestic water supplies, and the impact of these improvements on women. Background information on the general situation of Wanyaturu women and their role in social change - to date is presented. Previous inputs in the field of water supply, sanitation and health education are evaluated. The overall water supply, sanitation and health situation is investigated in 75 households and the impact of improvements in two of the villages is evaluated. Possible strategies for increasing the involvement of women and thereby increasing the impact are outlined. PREFACE This report was produced in the context of a project on the development of domestic water supplies in rural areas in Tanzania, “Domestic water supplies: a vital component in Tanzania’s rural development. A consumer—orientated study of selected schemes in four regions.” This project currently being carried out by Ingvar Andersson and Carolyn Hannan—Andersson (1980—1984) is financed by a research grant from SAREC, the Swedish Agency for Research Cooperation with Developing Countries (9.49 u—forsk 80/78:2) and involves research cooperation between the Institute of Resource Assessment in Dar es Salaam and the Department of Social and Economic Geography at the University of Lund, Sweden. This report should be seen as a complement to the report “Development of water supplies in Singida Region, Tanzania. Past experience and future options” produced by Ingvar Andersson and Carolyn Hannan—Andersson (1984). The report is based on fieldwork carried out in 3 villages in Singida Region in November/December 1982 and January 1984. Extensive use has been made of the excellent background material provided by the work of Harold K. Schneider in 1959—60 and Marguerite Jellicoe in 1959—65. Both of these works contain the kinds of socio—economic data upon which all strategies for development, including improvements to water supply and sanitation, should be based. Although much time has elapsed since their fieldwork was carried out and some important changes have occurred in Tanzania, not least villagisation, it would appear that much of the information is still applicable today. This was confirmed by Jellicoe herself on a return visit to Singida in 1975. (Jellicoe, 1979:xii) Thanks are due to Professor Adolfo Mascarenhas, director of the Institute of Resource Assessment, Dar es Salaam, and to Olof Nordstrom at the Department of Social and Economic Geography in Lund, for the support given to the project. We are also grateful for the logistic support provided by the Project Manager. Glynn Roberts, and the staff of the Tanzanian Water Development Project in Singida. Constructive criticism, especially on the aspects of traditional Nyaturu society and change, were gratefully received from Jan Lindstr5m of the Department of Social Anthropology at the University of Gothenburg, Sweden. The illustrations were done by G. Dias, the maps drawn by Peter Lunkombe, and the typing done by Ingrid EkstrOm. H. Mwansoko was responsible for the Swahili translation of the sui~~aryand conclusions. In addition, I wish to acknowledge our excellent field assistants, Augustine J. Yonah. Antonia Everest Msoffe and Joshua Malanga, and also the hospitality and openness of the people of Unyianga. lJnyangwe and Nkhoiree villages. Dar es Salaam June 1984 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page MUHTASARI NA MAHITINISHO i (Summary and conclusions in Kiswahili) 1. INTRODUCTION 1 1 . 1. An overview: women and domestic water supplies 1.2. The study outlined 6 2. WANYATURU WOtEN 7 2.1. The position of women in Nyaturu society 7 2.2. The realities of married life for women 10 2.3. WomenTh powers and ritual activities 13 2.4. WomenTh role in production/reproduction 16 2.5. The changing position of Wanyaturu women 17 2.6. Some implications for improvements to water supplies 18 3. WO~EN AND CHANGE IN NYATURU SOCIETY 20 3.1. Early change in Nyaturu society up to 1958 21 3.2. The literacy campaign 21 3.3. Implementation of community development programmes 24 3.4. Improvements to water supply/sanitation/health 29 3.5. The impact of developmental inputs: actual and potential 31 3.6. The role of women 34 4. WOItEN - WATER - HEALTH IN THREE VILLAGES 38 4.1. The women in the sample group: their overall situation 39 4.2. Water collection and water use patterns 47 4.3. Personal hygiene and sanitation 51 4.4. Water and health 54 4.5. The impact of imp;oved supplies on women 58 4.6. Womens perceptions of the water supplies 60 4.7. Some conclusions 64 5. STRATEGIES FOR INVOLVING WOlEN 67 5.1. A more appropriate overall strategy for improving water supplies 67 5.2. Special projects for women? 69 5.3. Practical implementation of womenTh participation 70 5.4. A realistic programme of supplementary inputs 71 6. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 80 B IBL IOGRAPHY Page Table 1: Livestock in the sample households 43 2: Main sources of income 44 3: Educational standards in sample households 45 4: Main sources of income for women 46 5: Women’s greatest work burdens 47 6: Utilization of free time 48 7: Reasons for not boiling water SO 8: Most common diseases of small children 55 9: Diseases known to be related to water 56 10: Sickness during a 7 day period 57 11: Suggested improvements to water supply 62 12: Expected benefits from improved water supply 62 13: Activities for which more water would be used 62 14: Activities on which any saved time would be spent 63 15: Priority of village problems 63 Figure 1: Lineage groupings and residence units 9 2: Brideprice system 9 3: Examples of Nyaturu homesteads 11 1: Singida Region in Tanzania 2: Districts within Singida Region 3: Unyianga Village 4: Unyangwe Village 5: Nkhoiree Village (All maps to be.found in the appendix) 1 MUHTASLRI NA ~L1AHITfl~ISHO Uci2otaji we rnaji huko m.eshambec.i kimapokeo tal kezi ya v7anawake hate kam~wald.saidisza kwa kiwango ld.kubwa na watoto, hase waeichana. Pamoja na yote hayo wanaweke hawajashirikishwa beta mara moja katika mazungumzo yote yanayOhUsu aula ya ugavi ulioeridelezwa, rnaendelezi yarlayowezekaLla, utekelezaji na mipango ya kuendesha na kutunza mitambo ya maj i. Kwa mafariil~.o wameshirikishwa katika shughuJ.i nyingine za ujenzi za “kujisnidia wenyewe”, lakini Si mare zote wameelezwa juu ye meendelezi au mafunzo ye lazima au matumizi yanayo~aaya ugavi ulioendelezwa, wala juu ya eliim.~.ye afya ye kutoaha inayohusiena na maj i Hu.ku kutoweshiriid.sha kabisa wanawake katika shu.ghuj.i nZima Za uendelezaji wa ugavi we inaji kun.awezekana kuwa sababu kuu ya ld.wango kikubwa cha u.shinde we mpango huu we ugavi. ulioendelezwa. Iwapo wanawake hawatashirikishwa katika upangaji fla utekelezaji Wa chanzo claa maji kilichoendelezwa, kama Wa ivyo±aLlywahuko nyuma aintara±’u vyanzo vya maji vya ld.n1apokeo, basi motisha wao we ku.ld.tumia na kukitu.nza chanzo ld.pya utakuwa kidogo. Haja ye kujifunza zaidi juu ya bali ya wanawake we mashambaril pamoja na maiiitaji na auJ.a zao inazidi kuwa dhaai.ri. HiJ.i ni sbarti la lazima iwapo wanawake watashirlkishwa na iwapo mabadiliko yaliyopangwa yatatageniewa kuleta naendeleo ye halt zao za maisha na hadhi yao ya kijanlil katilca ju.~iiya za m.eshainbani. Nefasi ye wanaw~kewe Kinj~tu.ru tie athari. yeke kw~caendeleo ~7ariawake Wa Kinyaturu wana nafasi duni katika janli ye Kinyaturu. Wako chini. ye wau.me zao n.e wane u.fikio mdogo kwa mambo kaina vile habari, mikopo, uzuzi ~va kiteknolojia. Nefasi yao ndogo sac.a katika mashau.ri ya kijwm.~.yana destu.ri za kijamii za ld.mapokeo zinacvahitaji wawe tofauti na Wanaune kwa !flaumbile ~o ya nje na huwa hawatoi mawazo yco katika m±kutorioye hadhara mbele ye weuaume. Hivi ni ‘rizuizi vya wazi katika kuweshiriicish.a kwenye mabadiliko ya ki.3amii kama ulivyo ujuzi mdogo Wa Kiswahili via wanawake wengi Wa Xinyatu.m. 3-]- M-bali n.e kuv,ra kizuizi katika iaabadiliko ya kija~ii, wanawake W~ Kinyaturu. waUkuwa waun.garnkono hodari we kempeni ya ku~uta ujinga kwenye miaka ya 50 n.e polepole wameshapltia mabadiliko mengi. Vianawake wana chama the wanawake cha kimapokeo awbacho n.j chenzo cha hadhi n.e niadaraka na ambacho kingeweza kushirikiahwa tie kutumiwa katika mipeogo ya maendeleo. Kimapokeo kumekuwepo tie uhasama mkubwa tie magomvi beina ya Waflaume tie wanawake na pengine baitia yg wanawake. Ni muhimu kuelewa hali ya migogoro ~n.bayo ipo, kuep~kuo~geza aigogoro iliyoto cu kuanzisha mingine ‘flipya. Athari ye u.gavl. ulioendelezwa kwa wen~wake Kwakffupi inaweza kusemwa kwamba ether. ya maendelezi hi kama haikuwepo. Kwa ~ababu ye uchache n.e iitendajikazi mbaya we ugavi uliowekwa, matumizi yalikuwa kidogo. Ni asii~ia ndogo tu ya wanawake waliona kuongezeka kwa nafuu. Paida za kiafya lazima ziwe tidogo Satia, base kwakuwa kaya nyingi Zinazotuiriia ugavi ulioendelezwa zilikiri kuwa Zjljtumja vyanzo Vya kimapokeo nyakati nyingine. Ingawa wanawake wachache walidai kuwa kt~nekuwepo na upungu±uwe magon~waye matumbo katika faxnilia zaO. Kwa sababu ya utendajikazi vibaya na kiwarigo cha chini cha utu~daji, ugavi ulioendelezwa katika vijiji hi’ri vivvili une athari.