6/28/2018 1 6/28/2018 Native Tribes of Celtic Britain, 43AD 01: Caledones 15: Corieltauvi 02: Taexali 16: Iceni 03: Carvetii 17: Demetae 04: Venicones 18: Catuvellauni 05: Epidii 19: Silures 06: Damnonii 20: Dubunni 07: Novantae 21: Dumnonii 08: Selgovae 22: Durotriges 09: Votadini 23: Belgae 10: Brigantes 24: Atrebates 11: Parisi 25: Regni 12: Cornovii 26: Cantiaci 13: Deceangli 27: Trinovantes 14: Ordovices 2 6/28/2018 12 IX 9 10 XIV 1. Bononia (Boulogne) 2. Rutupiae (Richborough) 7 XX 3. Chichester (Noviomagus) XX 4. Southhampton (King Atrebates) 4a. Isle of Wight 5. River Medway 6 6. River Thames 7. Camulodunum (Colchester) 5 2 8. Exeter 9. Lindim Colonia (Lincoln) 10.Cheshire Gap (47‐48) 11.Caer Caradoc (50AD) 4 12.Anglesey (60AD) 1 8 3 II 4a II Legio II Augusta XIV Legio XIV Gemina IX Legio IX Hispana XX Legio XX Valeria Victrix 3 6/28/2018 Rough Timeline of Conquest 1. Bononia (Boulogne, France) 2. Rutupiae (Richborough) 3. Noviomagus (Chichester) 4. Southampton (also Hampshire King Atrebates) 4a. Isle of Wight 5. Rochester on River Medway 6. River Thames 7. Camulodunum (Colchester) 8. Exeter 9. Lindim Colonia (Lincoln) 10. Cheshire Gap (47‐48) 11. Caer Caradoc (50AD) 12. Anglesey (60AD) Native Tribes of Britain, 43‐45AD Hostile 01: Caledones 15: Corieltauvi Passive 02: Taexali 16: Iceni Friendly 03: Carvetii 17: Demetae Uninvolved 04: Venicones 18: Catuvellauni 05: Epidii 19: Silures 06: Damnonii 20: Dubunni 07: Novantae 21: Dumnonii 08: Selgovae 22: Durotriges 09: Votadini 23: Belgae* 13 15 14 16 10: Brigantes 24: Atrebates 18 11: Parisi 25: Regni* 17 19 20 27 24 12: Cornovii 26: Cantiaci 26 22 23 25 13: Deceangli 27: Trinovantes 21 Anti‐Rome 14: Ordovices Coalition *Created by Rome 4 6/28/2018 The Conquest of Britannia, 43‐45AD Belligerents Roman Empire Various British kings and tribes Various British kings and tribes Commanders and leaders Emperor Claudius (10‐54AD; r. 41‐54) Cunobeline, King of Catuvellauni (deceased) Verica (exiled king of Atrebates) • Togodumnus Aulus Plautius, general and Governor of Britannia • Caratacus (Battle of Caer Caradoc) Publius Ostorius Scapula, Governor 47‐ Kings of Eleven tribes of South East Britain Aulus Didius Gallus, Governor, ‐ Queen Boudicca (58AD) Titus Flavius Vespasian, Legion II Augusta Titus Flavius Sabinus the Younger Gnaeus Hosidius Geta, Legion IX Hispana Gnaeus Sentius Saturninus, former Consul Combatants Roman Army of Britannia, 45,000 strong Tribal system, no standing army. When called upon, tribal • Exploratores (scouts) chiefs could contribute up to hundreds of thousands of • Speculatores (spies to infiltrate enemy camps) fighting men with certain expertise: • Legio II Augusta • A warrior people (with cut‐throat inter‐tribal conflicts) • Legio IX Hispana • Chariot warfare • Legio XIV Germina • Guerrilla tactics • Legio XX Valeria Victrix There may have been 150,000 at the Battle of Medway IMPERIAL Emperor Claudius (r. 41‐54 AD) ROME Imperial General Staff (Rome) XXXX ARMY OF General Aulus Plautius BRITTANIA XX XXX IX II XXXXXX XIV XXX HISPANA AUGUSTA GERMINA VA L ER I A VICTRIX Legate (Vespasian Camp Prefect (Engineering & Training) Senior Tribune Pri mus P i lus Senior Centurian X XX (Chief Centurian) X Centurians || st ndnd thth 1 22 -10nd-10 th Cohort Cohorts2 nd-10nd thth Staff Tri bunes Cohorts22 -10nd-10 th CohortsCohorts2 nd-10 th CohortsCohorts22nd-10nd-10thth Cohorts2 -10 Decurions | | Junior CohortsCohorts | Centurians Headquarters Staff (Quartermaster, Armourer, Centurion | | | Chief Surgeon, etc.) Optio Standard Bearer Auxi li ari es Century Clerk | | | (Non‐Roman Citizens) 80 Legionaries e.g., Archers, Batavians 5 6/28/2018 Tiberius Claudius Caesar Augustus (10BC to 54AD) Roman emperor from 41 to 54AD. After executing Caligula and his family, the Praetorian Guard found Claudius quivering behind a set of curtains, fearing for his own life They named the weakling emperor. Historian Cassius Dio wrote: “At first the soldiers, supposing that he was someone else or perhaps had something worth taking, dragged him forth; and then, on recognizing him, they hailed him emperor and conducted him to the camp. Afterwards they together with their comrades entrusted to him the supreme power.” 6 6/28/2018 5,600 legionnaires 5,400 auxiliaries 11,000 troops/legion IMPERIAL x 4legions ROME 44,000 troops Emperor Claudius (r. 41‐54 AD) XXXX ARMY ARMY OF *Later First Governor BRITTANIA of Roman Britannia Aulus Pautinus* WING XXX XXX XXX Left Centre Right LEGION XX XX XX XX AUGUSTA HISPANA GERMINA VALERIA II IX XIV XX VICTRIX Vespasian Gnaes Hosidius Geta ? Gnaeus Sentius Titus Flavius Sabinus Saturninus (?) Organisation of Legio II Augusta The Second Legion, like all legions, comprised some five and a half thousand men. The basic unit was the century of eighty men commanded by a centurion with an optio as second in command. The century was divided into eight‐man sections which shared a room together in barracks and a tent when on campaign. Six centuries made up a cohort, and ten cohorts made up a legion, with the first cohort being double‐size. Each legion was accompanied by a cavalry unit of one hundred and twenty men, divided into four squadrons, who served as scouts and messengers. 7 6/28/2018 Personnel of Legio II Augusta Legate ‐ an aristocrat typically in his mid‐thirties would command a legion for up to five years and hope to make something of a name for himself in order to enhance his subsequent political career. Camp prefect ‐ grizzled veteran who would previously have been the chief centurion of the legion and was at the summit of a professional soldier’s career. He was armed with vast experience and integrity. Senior tribune – A man destined for high political office and eventual command of a legion. Six tribunes (staff officers) were in their early twenties serving in the army to gain administrative experience before taking up junior posts in civil administration. Senior centurions commanded the First Century of each Cohort. Primus Pilus (most senior centurion) commanded the First Century of the First Cohort. Sixty centurions were hand‐picked for their command qualities and a willingness to fight to the death. Accordingly their casualty rate far exceeded other ranks. Decurions commanded the cavalry squadrons and hoped for promotion to the command of auxiliary cavalry units. Optio assisted each centurion as an orderly, with minor command duties. Optios would be waiting for a vacancy in the centurionate. Legionaries signed on for twenty‐five years. In theory, a man had to be a Roman citizen to qualify for enlistment, but recruits were increasingly drawn from local populations and given Roman citizenship on joining the legions. Auxiliary cohorts ‐ recruited from the provinces to provide the Roman Empire with cavalry, light infantry and other specialist skills. Roman citizenship was awarded on completion of 25 years of service. 8 6/28/2018 9 6/28/2018 THE SHEER SCALE OF THEIR LOGISTICS IS STILL IMPRESSIVE TO THE MODERN MILITARY MIND. 10 6/28/2018 1. Bononia (Boulogne) 2. Rutupiae (Richborough) 5 IX 2 XIV XX II 1 1. Bononia (Boulogne) 2. Rutupiae (Richborough) 5. Battle of Medway 5 IX 2 II XIV XX 1 11 6/28/2018 The Battle of the Medway, 43AD Belligerents Roman Empire Various British kings and tribes Commanders and leaders Aulus Plautius, general Togodumnus, King of Catuvellauni Titus Flavius Vespasian, Legion II Augusta Caratacus, brother of Togodumnus Titus Flavius Sabinus, Tribune to Plautius Gnaeus Hosidius Geta, Legion IX Hispana Combatants Roman Army of Britannia, United British Tribes under Togodumnus 45,000 strong 150,000 strong • Legio II Augusta • Legio IX Hispana • Legio XIV Germina • Legio XX Valeria Victrix Casualties and losses 850 5,000 (estimate) 3 1 2 12 6/28/2018 13 6/28/2018 1. Bononia (Boulogne) 2. Rutupiae (Richborough) 5. Battle of Medway 6. Battle of the Thames 6 XIV IX II 5 2 XX 1 The Battle of the Thames, 43AD Belligerents Roman Empire Various British kings and tribes Commanders and leaders Aulus Plautius, general Togodumnus, died of wounds Titus Flavius Vespasian, Legion II Augusta Caratacus, King of Catuvellauni Titus Flavius Sabinus, Tribune to Plautius Gnaeus Hosidius Geta, Legion IX Hispana Combatants Roman Army of Britannia, United British Tribes under Caratacus 45,000 strong 150,000 strong • Legio II Augusta • Legio IX Hispana NOTE: • Legio XIV Germina The River Thames was 9 feet (Devoy, 1980) to • Legio XX Valeria Victrix 15 feet (Wheeler, 1930) lower in Roman times. Casualties and losses 850 5,000 (estimate) 14 6/28/2018 The British Escape The plan showing the route that the Romans took to cross the Thames into Essex shows them crossing far too far to the west. There was an established crossing further east, at Cliffe which is clearly described Cassius Dio. “From there the Britons withdrew to the Thames, at a point where it flows into the sea and at high tide forms a lake. This they crossed with ease since they knew precisely where the ground was firm and the way passable. The Romans, however, in pursuing them, got into difficulties here.” (Cassius, Dio, Roman History, Book 60, Loeb Classical Library, 9 volumes, Greek texts and facing English translation: Harvard University Press, 1914 thru 1927. Translation by Earnest Cary.) 15 6/28/2018 Possible Roman X’ing Sites 1. Tilbury Marshes (ford) Bridges: 2. Grays 3. Purfleet (Dartford Marshes) 4. A2 Crossing (Watling Street) 5. Southwark (London Bridge) 5 4 3 2 1 16 6/28/2018 17 6/28/2018 18 6/28/2018 19 6/28/2018 20 6/28/2018 21 6/28/2018 1. Bononia (Boulogne) 2. Rutupiae (Richborough) II 7 XIV IX 5. Battle of Medway XX 6. Battle of the Thames 6 7. Camulodunum (Colchester) 5 2 1 22 6/28/2018 The Capture of Camulodunum, 43AD Belligerents Roman Empire Various British kings and tribes Commanders and leaders Emperor Claudius Caratacus, King of Catuvellauni Aulus Plautius, general Titus Flavius Vespasian, Legion II Augusta Titus Flavius Sabinus, Tribune to Plautius Gnaeus Hosidius Geta, Legion IX Hispana Combatants Roman Army of Britannia, United British Tribes under Caratacus 40,000 strong 150,000 strong • Legio II Augusta NOTE: • Legio IX Hispana The River Thames was 9 feet (Devoy, 1980) to • Legio XIV Germina 15 feet (Wheeler, 1930) lower in Roman times.