University of Tennessee Archaeological Reports Archaeological Reassessment of Newman’s Neck (44NB180) Barbara J. Heath, Eleanor E. Breen, Dustin S. Lawson, and Daniel W. H. Brock with contributions by Jonathan Baker and Kandace Hollenbach Report submitted to the Virginia Department of Historic Resources Department of Anthropology University of Tennessee, Knoxville May 2009 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors would like to thank Charley Hodges and Martha McCartney for the systematic research they conducted in 1989 and 1990 that made this project possible. We are grateful to Charley for help in answering questions relating to the excavation of 44NB180 as this reanalysis was underway. Eleanor Breen has supervised artifact re-cataloguing and analysis, with the assistance of Dustin Lawson, and students in Anthropology 361, 435 and 400. Artifact identification and analysis was facilitated by many colleagues who offered guidance where needed. Keith Egloff, Virginia Department of Historic Resources, Henry Miller, Historic St. Mary’s City, Robert Hunter and Merry Outlaw, independent ceramics consultants, Patricia Samford, Maryland Archaeological Conservation Laboratory, and Bly Straube, APVA, shared their expertise about coarse earthenware from the site, providing guidance for identifying Morgan Jones wares in the assemblage. David Higgins and Harold Mytum, University of Liverpool, and Fraser Neiman, Monticello, aided with the identification of English clay tobacco pipes and their uses in the Chesapeake. Amelia Chisholm, Dennis Pogue and Esther White, Mount Vernon, provided assistance with artifact identification and issues of chronology. Thane Harpole of Fairfield Foundation gave advice about cataloguing architectural materials. Daniel Brock assembled the GIS and produced site maps. Additionally, Brock, under the supervision of Henri Grissino-Mayer, Laboratory of Tree-Ring Science, Department of Geography, attempted dendrochronology on an extant post from the site. Jonathan Baker identified and analyzed faunal, mollusk and gastropod remains, while Dr. Kandace Hollenbach of the Archaeology Research Laboratory conducted macrobotanical analysis on samples several features at the site. Staff of Hodges Library, University of Tennessee, Knoxville provided efficient access to microfilm records of Northumberland County through interlibrary loan, while Charlene Weaver of the Department of Anthropology managed the financial aspects of the grant. The authors are grateful to David Hazzard and Randy Turner of the Virginia Department of Historic Resources and the members of the Threatened Sites Committee of the Council of Virginia Archaeologists for approving funding that allowed for the completion of this project. While grateful for all of this help, generously given, we acknowledge that any errors or omissions are the responsibility of the authors. 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS______________________________ Page Acknowledgments……………………………………………………………………………..2 Table of Contents……………………………………………………………………………...3 List of Figures…………………………………………………………………………………6 List of Tables………………………………………………………………………………...10 Introduction…………………………………………………………………………………..12 Historical Overview………………………………………………………………………….13 The Newmans………………………………………………………………………..14 The Hollands and Neales…………………………………………………………….17 The Haynies………………………………………………………………………….26 Archaeological Investigations………………………………………………………………..30 Field and Laboratory Methods……………………………………………………….30 Artifacts and Biological Samples…………………………………………….31 Cataloguing…………………………………………………………………..31 GIS…………………………………………………………………………...33 Archaeological Features, Phase 1……………………………………………………34 Structures…………………………………………………………………….34 Structure 1……………………………………………………………36 Structure 2……………………………………………………………41 Structure 5……………………………………………………………48 Structures 7 and 8…………………………………………………….53 Yard Features………………………………………………………………...54 The Well (Feature 248A)…………………………………………….54 Features 61, 63 and 271A-T.…………………………………………56 Fencing……………………………………………………………….58 Cat Burial (Feature 182)……………………………………………..65 Archaeological Features, Phase 2……………………………………………………69 Structures…………………………………………………………………….69 Structure 6……………………………………………………………64 Structure 3……………………………………………………………74 Structure 4……………………………………………………………76 Yard Features………………………………………………………………...77 Fencing……………………………………………………………….77 Artifacts: Site Summary……………………………………………………………...83 Introduction…………………………………………………………………..83 Ceramics……………………………………………………………………..83 Dating………………………………………………………………...83 Sherds and Wares…………………………………………………….83 3 Vessels……………………………………………………………….88 Glass Vessels………………………………………………………………...92 Tobacco Pipes………………………………………………………………..96 Marked Pipes………………………………………………………...97 Bowl Shapes………………………………………………………...100 Molded Pipe………………………………………………………...101 Chesapeake Pipes…………………………………………………...102 Possible Whistle…………………………………………………….102 Architectural Artifacts……………………………………………………………...103 Brick and Mortar…………………………………………………....103 Nails………………………………………………………………...110 Window Glass………………………………………………………110 Personal Adornment………………………………………………………...111 Horse-Related……………………………………………..………………..113 Furniture…………………………………………………………………….114 Work/Tools…………………………………………………………………115 Sewing………………………………………………………………………115 Arms and Ammunition……………………………………………………..116 Utensils……………………………………………………………………..117 Prehistoric…………………………………………………………………..118 Artifacts: Sub-Assemblages………………………………………………………...119 Feature 4…………………………………………………………………….120 Feature 61…………………………………………………………………...120 Feature 93…………………………………………………………………...120 Feature 112………………………………………………………………….120 Feature 243………………………………………………………………….121 Feature 244………………………………………………………………….121 Feature 247………………………………………………………………….122 Feature 248………………………………………………………………….123 Feature 251………………………………………………………………….124 Artifacts: Interpreting Site Chronology…………………………………………….125 Interpretations and Conclusions…………………………………………………………….129 The Built and Designed Landscape………………………………………………...129 Changing Social and Economic Landscapes……………………………………….131 Changing Landscapes of Labor…………………………………………….131 Consumerism……………………………………………………………….132 Conclusions…………………………………………………………………………136 References………………………………………………………………………………….137 Appendix 1: Robert Newman’s Inventory………………………………………………….148 Appendix 2: Account of Debtors to Robert Newman………………………………………150 Appendix 3: Ebenezer Neale’s Inventory…………………………………………………..151 Appendix 4: John Haynie’s Inventory……………………………………………………...155 Appendix 5: Will of William Haynie……………………………………………………….159 4 Appendix 6: Site, Structure, and Feature Chronology based on Artifacts…………………161 Appendix 7: Minimum Vessel Count List…………………………………………………163 Appendix 8: Profiles for Structures 3 and 4………………………………………………..168 Appendix 9: Plant Remains from Newman’s Neck………………………………………...178 Appendix 10: Report on Wood Samples…………………...………………………………192 Appendix 11: Mollusk Remains from Newman’s Neck……………………………………195 Appendix 12: Inventory of Faunal Remains from Newman’s Neck……………………….212 5 LIST OF FIGURES____________________________________________ Page 1. USGS 7.5 minute topographic map showing location of 44NB180………………………12 2. Aerial photo of site area looking south.…………………………………………………...12 3. Ownership history of Newman’s Neck, 1650-1762………………………………………15 4. Screen shot from the context database…………………………………………………….32 5. Map of features at Newman’s Neck……………………………………………………….34 6. Structures associated with phase 1………………………………………………………...35 7. Core of Structure 1, facing north………………………………………………………….36 8. Features associated with Structure 1………………………………………………………37 9. Core of Structure 1, facing west…………………………………………………………..38 10. Feature 4, facing south…………………………………………………………………...38 11. Close up of Feature 4, facing south……………………………………………………...39 12. Close up of Feature 112, facing west…………………………………………………….39 13. Feature 93 contained by Structure 2, facing south……………………………………….41 14. Features associated with Structure 2……………………………………………………..42 15. Structure 5 looking west…………………………………………………………………48 16. Features associated with Structure 5……………………………………………………..49 17. Features associated with Structure 7……………………………………………………..54 18. Features associated with Structure 8……………………………………………………..55 19. Well and Structure 6, facing east………………………………………………………...55 20. Features 61, 63 and 271A-T……………………………………………………………...57 21. Profile of Feature 61 facing west………………………………………………………...58 6 22. Post-excavation of the north east corner of Structure 1, facing north…………………..59 23. Fence lines……………………………………………………………………………….61 24. Cat burial during excavation……………………………………………………………..65 25. Structures associated with phase 2……………………………………………………….69 26. Structure 6, facing west…………………………………………………………………..70 27. Structure 6, cellar bulkhead, facing south. .……………………………………………...70 28. Profile of northwest quadrant of 247 facing east………………………………………...71 29. Profile of northwest quadrant of 247 facing south……………………………………….72 30. Relationship of Features 247, 248A and B, 251 and 155B………………………………73 31. Plan view of cellar fill……………………………………………………………………74 32. Features associated with Structure 3……………………………………………………..75 33. Features associated with Structure 4……………………………………………………..76 34. Phase 2 landscape possibly included lines 5 and 8………………………………………82 35. Total sherd counts by general ware type…………………………………………………83 36. Colonoware body sherds…………………………………………………………………85 37. Colonoware rim sherds…………………………………………………………………..85 38. Morgan Jones milk pan…………………………………………………………………..88 39. Morgan Jones pot/butter pot……………………………………………………………..88 40. North Devon gravel-tempered