NOT MEASUREMENT SENSITIVE DOE-HDBK-1216-2015 DOE HANDBOOK Environmental Radiological Effluent Monitoring and Environmental Surveillance U.S. Department of Energy AREA ENVR Washington, D.C. 20585 DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A. Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. INTENTIONALLY BLANK DOE-HDBK-1216-2015 TABLE OF CONTENTS PARAGRAPH PAGE 1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Objectives .............................................................................................................. 1 1.2 Environmental Monitoring ...................................................................................... 1 1.3 Key Requirements and Supporting Documents .................................................... 2 2 DESIGNING, REVIEWING, AND DOCUMENTING RADIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PROGRAMS ............................................................................................. 5 2.1 Designing an Environmental Monitoring Program ................................................. 5 2.2 Reviewing the Environmental Monitoring Program ............................................... 8 2.3 Updating the Environmental Monitoring Program.................................................. 9 3 LIQUID RADIOLOGICAL EFFLUENT MONITORING AND SAMPLING ........................ 11 3.1 Key Requirements ............................................................................................... 12 3.2 Summary of General Criteria and Monitoring Program Needs for Liquid Effluents12 3.3 Performance Standards for Liquid Effluent Monitoring Systems ......................... 14 3.3.1 Continuous Monitoring/Sampling ............................................................. 15 3.3.2 Sampling Systems ................................................................................... 15 3.3.3 System Calibration................................................................................... 15 3.3.4 Environmental Conditions ........................................................................ 15 3.4 Sampling System Design Criteria ........................................................................ 16 3.4.1 Selection Criteria for Liquid Effluent Monitoring and Sampling Systems . 16 3.4.2 General Design Criteria for Sampling Systems ....................................... 17 3.4.3 Stream Flow Characteristics .................................................................... 18 3.4.4 Sampling Locations ................................................................................. 18 3.4.5 Delivery Lines .......................................................................................... 19 3.4.6 Liquid Movers .......................................................................................... 19 3.4.7 Sample Collectors .................................................................................... 19 3.4.8 Special Considerations for Liquid Effluent Monitoring and Sampling Systems ................................................................................................... 19 3.4.9 Environmental Considerations ................................................................. 20 3.5 Monitoring System Design Considerations .......................................................... 21 3.5.1 Monitoring Purposes ................................................................................ 21 3.5.2 General Design Criteria ........................................................................... 21 3.5.3 Batch Release ......................................................................................... 22 3.5.4 Types of Radiation ................................................................................... 22 3.5.5 High Background ..................................................................................... 22 3.6 Environmental Effects ......................................................................................... 23 3.7 Alarm Levels ........................................................................................................ 23 3.8 Operational Considerations for All Monitoring and Sampling Systems ............... 23 3.9 Quality Assurance ............................................................................................... 24 4 AIRBORNE RADIOLOGICAL EFFLUENT MONITORING AND SAMPLING ................. 25 4.1 Key Requirements ............................................................................................... 26 4.2 Summary of General Objectives.......................................................................... 28 4.2.1 Performance Standards for Air Sampling Systems ................................. 29 4.2.2 Gases vs. Particulates ............................................................................. 29 4.2.3 Design Criteria for System Components ................................................. 31 4.2.4 Alarm Levels ............................................................................................ 31 4.3 Point Source Emissions ...................................................................................... 31 4.3.1 Direct Effluent Sampling .......................................................................... 32 iii DOE-HDBK-1216-2015 4.3.2 Direct Effluent Monitoring ........................................................................ 36 4.3.3 Specific Radionuclide Monitors ................................................................ 37 4.4 Diffuse Sources and Fugitive Emissions ............................................................. 42 4.4.1 Diffuse Sources ....................................................................................... 43 4.4.2 Diffuse Source Release Rates ................................................................. 43 4.4.3 Diffuse Source Assessment ..................................................................... 45 4.5 Quality Assurance ............................................................................................... 45 5 METEOROLOGICAL MONITORING .............................................................................. 47 5.1 Key Requirements ............................................................................................... 48 5.2 Meteorological Monitoring Program Design ........................................................ 48 5.3 Meteorological Monitoring Program Models and Data ........................................ 49 5.4 Meteorological Data Requirements for Other Applications .................................. 53 5.5 Meteorological Data Requirements for Quantifying Turbulent Diffusion .............. 53 5.6 Criteria for Meteorological Measurements........................................................... 55 5.6.1 Criteria for Siting and Locating Meteorological Measurements ............... 56 5.6.2 Instrument Mounting Criteria ................................................................... 57 5.6.3 Measurement Recording Systems Criteria .............................................. 58 5.7 Measurement System Accuracy Criteria ............................................................. 58 5.8 Inspection, Maintenance, Protection, and Calibration Criteria ............................. 59 5.9 Criteria Associated with Supplementary Meteorological Instrumentation ............ 60 5.10 Meteorological Data Processing Criteria ............................................................. 60 5.11 Data Summarization and Archiving Criteria......................................................... 61 5.12 QA and Documentation Criteria .......................................................................... 61 6 ENVIRONMENTAL SURVEILLANCE ............................................................................. 63 6.1 Key Requirements ............................................................................................... 63 6.2 Summary of General Criteria ............................................................................... 64 6.2.1 Evaluation of Need for Sampling ............................................................. 66 6.2.2 Emergency Monitoring Provisions ........................................................... 68 6.3 Performance Requirements for Environmental Surveillance Programs .............. 69 6.3.1 Specific Performance Requirements ....................................................... 69 6.3.2 Air Sampling System ............................................................................... 70 6.3.3 Consultation with Game Officials ............................................................. 70 6.3.4 Consultation with Local, State and Regional EPA Representatives ........ 70 6.4 Design Criteria ..................................................................................................... 70 6.4.1 Environmental Surveillance Program Objectives ..................................... 71 6.4.2 Program Planning and Design ................................................................. 72 6.5 External Exposure Monitoring ............................................................................. 73 6.5.1 External Exposure in Air .......................................................................... 73 6.5.2 External Exposure in Water ..................................................................... 73 6.5.3 External Radiation Measurement Locations and Frequency ................... 74 6.5.4 Factors in Selection of Indicator Locations .............................................