South Australian National Pollutant Inventory SUMMARY REPORT ADELAIDE AND REGIONAL AIRSHEDS AIR EMISSIONS STUDY 1998–99 Prepared by Dr Jolanta Ciuk Environment Protection Authority South Australia South Australian NPI Summary Report Adelaide and regional airsheds air emissions study 1998–99 This document is a summary of the NPI aggregated air emissions estimated in the South Australian airsheds for 1998–99. Aggregate and industry reported emissions data are accurate at the time of printing. Author: Dr Jolanta Ciuk For further information please contact: Information Officer Environment Protection Authority GPO Box 2607 Adelaide SA 5001 Telephone: (08) 8204 2004 Facsimile: (08) 8204 9393 Freecall (country): 1800 623 445 E-mail: [email protected] Web site: www.epa.sa.gov.au ISBN 1 876562 37 4 JUNE 2002 © Environment Protection Authority This document may be reproduced in whole or part for the purposes of study or training, subject to the inclusion of an acknowledgement of the source and its not being used for commercial purposes or sale. Reproduction for purposes other than those given above requires the prior written permission of the South Australian Environment Protection Authority. Printed on recycled paper Contents Executive summary ix Introduction ix Background ix Airsheds ix Air emission sources x Results x Key conclusions and recommendations xi Section 1: Introduction 1 1.1 Study areas—airsheds 2 1.2 Air emission sources 10 1.3 Domestic survey 11 Section 2: Mobile sources 12 2.1 Aeroplanes 12 2.2 Motor vehicles 18 2.3 Railways 22 2.4 Recreational boating 26 2.5 Shipping and commercial boating 31 Section 3: Area-based sources 36 3.1 Architectural surface coatings 36 3.2 Cutback bitumen 39 3.3 Domestic and commercial solvent and aerosol use 42 3.4 Domestic gas fuel 45 3.5 Dry cleaning 48 3.6 Lawn mowing 50 3.7 Motor vehicle refinishing 53 3.8 Paved roads 56 3.9 Printing and graphic arts 59 3.10 Service stations 61 3.11 Solid fuel burning (domestic) 64 Section 4: Sub-reporting threshold facilities 67 4.1 Fuel combustion 67 4.2 Industrial solvents 71 Section 5: Results summary 74 5.1 Results 74 Reference 108 iii Figures Figure 1 South Australian airsheds map 2 Figure 2 Adelaide airshed map 4 Figure 3 Barossa airshed map 5 Figure 4 Port Lincoln airshed map 6 Figure 5 Riverland airshed map 7 Figure 6 South East airshed map 8 Figure 7 Spencer Gulf airshed map 9 Figure 8 Airport locations within the Adelaide airshed 13 Figure 9 Airport location within the Port Lincoln airshed 14 Figure 10 Airport location within the South East airshed 15 Figure 11 Airport locations within the Spencer Gulf airshed 16 Figure 12 Adelaide airshed—motor vehicle VOC emissions 95 Figure 13 Adelaide airshed—other mobile VOC emissions 95 Figure 14 Adelaide airshed—area-based VOC emissions 96 Figure 15 Adelaide airshed—sub-threshold facilities VOC emissions 96 Figure 16 Comparisons of emission sources based on the relative percentage of occurrence in each airshed 100 Figure 17 Comparison of individual source emissions within the area-based source category 101 Figure 18 Comparison of substances emitted by the three main source category types: mobile, area- based and industry 102 Figure 19 Comparison of NPI substance emissions by source in the Adelaide airshed 103 Figure 20 Comparison of NPI substance emissions by source in all regional airsheds combined 103 Figure 21 Comparison of NPI substance emissions by source in the Barossa airshed 104 Figure 22 Comparison of NPI substance emissions by source in the Port Lincoln airshed 104 Figure 23 Comparison of NPI substance emissions by source in the Riverland airshed 105 Figure 24 Comparison of NPI substance emissions by source in the South East airshed 105 Figure 25 Comparison of NPI substance emissions by source in the Spencer airshed 106 Figure 26 Annual airshed emissions of selected NPI substances, in kilograms per capita 107 iv Tables Executive Tables Table E1 Emissions from sources (%) within the Adelaide airshed (in descending order of total emissions) xiv Table E2 Emissions from sources (%) within the regional airsheds combined (in descending order of total emissions) xvi Table E3 Percentage contribution by source to the total emission of NPI substances in the Adelaide airshed xviii Table E4 Percentage contribution by source to the total emission of NPI substances in the Barossa airshed xx Table E5 Percentage contribution by source to the total emission of NPI substances in the Port Lincoln airshed xxii Table E6 Percentage contribution by source to the total emission of NPI substances in the Riverland airshed xxiv Table E7 Percentage contribution by source to the total emission of NPI substances in the South East airshed xxvi Table E8 Percentage contribution by source to the total emission of NPI substances in the Spencer Gulf airshed xxviii Report Tables Table 1 Classification of emission sources 1 Table 2 South Australian airshed populations and housing data 3 Table 3 Aggregated sources estimated within the Adelaide and regional airsheds 10 Table 4 Aeroplane emissions in the Adelaide and major regional airsheds 17 Table 5 Aeroplane emissions in the minor regional airsheds 17 Table 6 Motor vehicle emissions in the Adelaide and major regional airsheds 20 Table 7 Motor vehicle emissions in the minor regional airsheds 21 Table 8 Railway emissions in the Adelaide and major regional airsheds 24 Table 9 Railway emissions in the minor regional airsheds 25 Table 10 Recreational boating emissions in the Adelaide and major regional airsheds 29 Table 11 Recreational boating emissions in the minor regional airsheds 30 Table 12 Shipping and commercial boating emissions in the Adelaide and major regional airsheds 34 Table 13 Shipping and commercial boating emissions in the minor regional airsheds 35 Table 14 Architectural surface coating emissions in the Adelaide and major regional airsheds 37 Table 15 Architectural surface coating emissions in the minor regional airsheds 38 Table 16 Cutback bitumen emissions in the Adelaide and major regional airsheds 40 Table 17 Cutback bitumen emissions in the minor regional airsheds 41 v Table 18 Domestic and commercial solvent and aerosol emissions in the Adelaide and major regional airsheds 43 Table 19 Domestic and commercial solvent and aerosol emissions in the minor regional airsheds 44 Table 20 Domestic gas fuel emissions in the Adelaide and major regional airsheds 46 Table 21 Domestic gas fuel emissions in the minor regional airsheds 47 Table 22 Dry cleaning emissions in the Adelaide and major regional airsheds 49 Table 23 Dry cleaning emissions in the minor regional airsheds 49 Table 24 Lawn mowing (domestic) in the Adelaide and major regional airsheds 51 Table 25 Lawn mowing (domestic) in the minor regional airsheds 52 Table 26 Motor vehicle refinishing emissions in the Adelaide and major regional airsheds 54 Table 27 Motor vehicle refinishing emissions in the minor regional airsheds 55 Table 28 Paved road emissions in the Adelaide and major regional airsheds 57 Table 29 Paved road emissions in the minor regional airsheds 58 Table 30 Printing and graphic arts emissions in the Adelaide and major regional airsheds 60 Table 31 Printing and graphic arts emissions in the minor regional airsheds 60 Table 32 Service stations emissions in the Adelaide and major regional airsheds 62 Table 33 Service station emissions in the minor regional airsheds 63 Table 34 Solid fuel burning (domestic) emissions in the Adelaide and major regional airsheds 65 Table 35 Solid fuel burning (domestic) emissions in the minor regional airsheds 66 Table 36 Sub-threshold fuel combustion emissions in the Adelaide and major regional airsheds 69 Table 37 Sub-threshold fuel combustion emissions in the minor regional airsheds 70 Table 38 Sub-threshold industrial solvent emissions in the Adelaide and major regional airsheds 72 Table 39 Sub-threshold industrial solvent emissions in the minor regional airsheds 73 Table 40 Total emissions of NPI substances in the Adelaide airshed 75 Table 41 Percentage contribution by source to the total emission of NPI substances in the Adelaide airshed 76 Table 42 Total emissions of NPI substances in the Barossa airshed 78 Table 43 Percentage contribution by source to the total emission of NPI substances in the Barossa airshed 79 Table 44 Total emissions of NPI substances in the Port Lincoln airshed 81 Table 45 Percentage contribution by source to the total emission of NPI substances in the Port Lincoln airshed 82 Table 46 Total emissions of NPI substances in the Riverland airshed 84 Table 47 Percentage contribution by source to the total emission of NPI substances in the Riverland airshed 85 Table 48 Total emissions of NPI substances in the South East airshed 87 vi Table 49 Percentage contribution by source to the total emission of NPI substances in the South East airshed 88 Table 50 Total emissions of NPI substances in the Spencer Gulf airshed 90 Table 51 Percentage contribution by source to the total emission of NPI substances in the Spencer Gulf airshed 91 Table 52 Percentage of occurrences where the source was the single largest contributor 97 vii Abbreviations ABARE Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics ABS Australian Bureau of Statistics AGA Australian Natural Gas Association AIP Australian Institute of Petroleum ALPGA Australian Liquid Petroleum Gas Association APMF Australian Paint Manufacturing Federation BTEX benzene-toluene-ethylbenzene-xylene CO carbon monoxide EET emission estimation technique GIS geographical information systems km kilometres L litres LPG liquefied petroleum gas MOU memorandum of understanding NEPM National Environment Protection Measure NOx oxides of nitrogen NPI National Pollutant Inventory PM10 particulate matter less than 10 µm SA EPA South Australian Environment Protection Authority* SO2 sulfur dioxide VKT vehicle kilometres travelled VOC volatile organic compounds * Known as ‘Environment Protection Agency’ prior to July 2002 viii NPI Summary Report: Adelaide and regional airsheds 1998-99 Executive summary Introduction This report provides an overview of the inventory work carried out within South Australia as part of the National Pollutant Inventory (NPI).