EX POST FACTO JOURNAL OF THE HISTORY STUDENTS SPRING AT SAN FRANCISCO STATE UNIVERSITY 2020 EX POST FACTO Journal of the History Students at San Francisco State University Volume XXIV 2020 Ex Post Facto is published annually by the students of the Department of History at San Francisco State University and members of the Kappa Phi Chapter of Phi Alpha Theta, the national History honors society. All views of fact or opinion are the sole responsibility of the authors and may not re- flect the views of the editorial staff. Questions or comments may be directed to Ex Post Facto, Department of History, San Francisco State University, 1600 Holloway Avenue, San Fran- cisco, CA 94132. Contact us via email at [email protected]. The Journal is pub- lished online at http:/history.sfsu.edu/content/ex-post- facto-history-journal. The Ex Post Facto editorial board gratefully acknowledges the funding pro- vided by the Instructionally Related Activities Committee at San Francisco State University. The board also wishes to thank Dr. Eva Sheppard Wolf for her continued confidence and support, as well as all of the Department of History’s professors who have both trained and encouraged students in their pursuit of the historian’s craft. These professors have empowered their students to write the inspiring scholarship included in this publication. In addition to support from within our own department, we have also been fortunate to receive outstanding contributions from the SFSU School of De- sign. Therein we are particularly grateful for the assistance of Dr. Joshua Singer and Aitalina Indeeva. Lastly, we would like to thank the authors who have allowed us to share their work with our readership and the greater ac- ademic community. These papers remain under the ownership of their authors and may be pub- lished elsewhere, with or without further edits. Ex Post Facto, with the per- mission of the authors, retains the right to publish these essays both in print and online. © Copyright San Francisco State University 2020 EGO POSTULO INSPIRATIONEM TUA O DEA CLIO LETTER FROM THE MANAGING EDITORS These are historical times. While the papers collected and presented in the following pages were written over the course of the last year, their final presentation, as well as the writing of this letter, was completed in semi-iso- lation as disease, fear, and uncertainty spread across the globe. Disruption is the word of the day, the week, the month, perhaps even the year. But in these trying and suspenseful times, a project such as the one you have opened re- minds us that even in proverbial times like these, we are defined not by how tall we grow but by the depths from which we prosper. The following pieces of history are about humanity. They are about our origins and our present. They kiss, nudge, and otherwise brush against the traditional narratives that typically dictate our past, casting fresh eyes on long-studied moments in time. They are about tragedy and depression and injustice and loss; they are about innovation and community and strength and equality. They remind us to be wary of the heavy hand of oppression and that when rights are not given they must be taken. Most of all, they remind us that to be human is to be idiosyncratic. We are not equal because we are the same. We are equal because we are unique. This edition of Ex Post Facto, like all others, has been a pillar of col- laboration. It would not be here if not for the tireless work, first and fore- most, of our authors. It takes bravery to put your work out for scrutiny. Re- visions are neither fun nor easy, but they are necessary, and we thank each and every author for always being willing to do go the extra mile time and again. The Associate and Assistant Editors performed invaluable work. Our gratitude for their meticulous scouring of every word, comma, semi-colon, or em-dash cannot be put into words. And, of course, we must thank Profes- sor Eva Sheppard Wolf as well as the entirety of the faculty in the History Department of San Francisco State University. Your work, effort, and care can be found on every page to follow. Thank for you taking the time to appreciate the work of these diligent, determined people. We are incredibly proud of the work that has been pro- duced, and hope that this twenty-ninth edition lives up to not just the high standard of its forbearers but also the standards sure to be set in its future. Allison Bermann Kelsey Marie Sims Cole Taylor Souder 2019-2020 EX POST FACTO EDITORS MANAGING EDITORS ALLISON BERMANN KELSEY MARIE SIMS COLE TAYLOR SOUDER ASSOCIATE EDITORS ALESHA MARTINS ANALISA L. SPINA EMILY ROGERS MECIAL SULLIVAN ASSISTANT EDITORS JAKE DAVIES MICHAEL A. PASCOE DAVID HLUSAK MARGARET PAZ NICOLE ESTELA MILLER ALISA POLISCHUK DAISY MUÑOZ JEREMY JAMES SHEPPARD AMBER NAEEM L. JOSEPH SMITH TABLE OF CONTENTS 9/11: A TALE OF TWO WORLDS L. Joseph Smith 9-32 A LIFE OF DEatH: THE LIFE & ROLE OF THE EXECUTIONER IN 17TH AND 18TH CENTURY GERMANY Evan Bachmann 33-43 BLACK MOTHERS’ PAIN TODAY: REMOVING THE PAST FROM ITS PEDEStaLS Andrew Gabriel Rose 45-64 Undergraduate Winner of the Joseph Mullins Prize in History THE CHALLENGE TO DEMOCRACY: LEONARD MARSH’S REPORT ON SOCIAL SECURITY FOR CANADA AS ITS AUTHOR’S ULTIMatE APPEAL FOR ECONOMIC EQUITY IN CANADA Michael A. Pascoe 65-106 DISCORD IN THE NARRatIVE: MEMORY AND LEGACY OF VIETNAM IN PORTERVILLE Hailee VanHorn 107-127 FREE LABOR, FREE SOIL, AND THE CALIFORNIA CONSTITUTION DEbatES OF 1849 Jeff Garaventa 129-145 THE SEAS BUT JOIN THE NatIONS THEY DIVIDE: CONNECTING SCIENCE AND HUMANITY ON THE NINETEENTH-CENTURY ATLANTIC THROUGH MESSAGES IN BOTTLES Julie van den Hout 147-170 Graduate Winner of the Joseph Mullins Prize in History WE WOMEN: THE ROLE OF COMMUNITIES IN FEMALE LIFE DURING THE DEPRESSION Danielle Poortinga 171-182 TO WORKING AND WORTHY WOMEN: THE VALUE OF DOMESTIC WORK AS ASSERTED BY HOUSEKEEPING GUIDES IN THE EARLY-NINETEENTH CENTURY Analisa L. Spina 183-198 THE POWER OF ALIEN INVASIONS: A HISTORIOGRAPHY OF TRANSatLANTIC BORDERLANDS Nicole Estela Miller 199-211 LOVE, LUST, AND VIOLENCE IN GRECO-ROMAN MAGIC Curtis Rager 213-232 THE DEADLY TACTICS OF THE FBI INVESTIgatION INTO THE BLACK PANTHER PARTY Janelle L. Daggert 233-246 This page is intentionally left blank 9/11: A TALE OF TWO WORLDS L. Joseph Smith The events of September 11, 2001 were a watershed moment of American and even global life. Putting aside the international ramifications of the resultant War on Terror, the historical events of September eleventh are widely known. It is a monolithic event in the public’s consciousness of recent history. One would be hard-pressed to find an American who does not recognize the significance of ‘nine-eleven.’ It was a tragedy broadcast across the world, experienced collectively by hundreds of millions. For these, the memory of its tragic sequence leaves an indelible mark of vivid detail. However, what of those who were not alive then? What of the children born in the twenty-first century and who have no original memory of this pivotal event? All of the facts and its associated narratives would have had to have been communicated and imprinted on them. For these seventeen, eighteen, and nineteen-year olds, 9/11 is as much a historical event as Vietnam or Pearl Harbor is to many of us. This paper seeks to understand how and in what way 9/11 projected as a historical event. This paper is not a survey of common understandings on the subject, which is beyond the means of the author, but rather will analyze only the most accessible sources of historical fact. This survey of the literature, museum resources, and film will contextualize itself relative to the age of those persons born on or after the year 2000. Furthermore, this composite analysis will trace what specific facts and themes are most present. First, a summary of the event of 9/11 through the most authoritative source: The National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States, more commonly known as the ‘9/11 Commission Report.’ This narrative will minorly supplement facts revealed through the investigations of independent writers; most of which were published later than the 9/11 10 L. Joseph Smith Commission. Several secondary and collegiate history textbooks will be analyzed for common themes or facts. A brief exposition on the 9/11 Monument and Museum and the educational resources they have made available will be provided. Lastly, this paper seeks to analyze popular non-fiction literature, film, and children’s books in how they portray the narratives and facts pertaining to the events of September 11, 2001. By expounding on these accessible sources of historical projection, it is the goal of this paper to elucidate the superficiality of 9/11 history as it is publicly projected. The effect is a divide in narratives, two worlds of perspective, wherein one perceives the event as the beginning of a new era, and the other as retribution fulfilled. By presenting 9/11 as only the beginning of the narrative and failing to elucidate the causal context of the attack, the public’s understanding of the event as it is factually based is severely limited. The Event September eleventh begins with the nineteen hijackers boarding two planes in Boston, and one each in Washington Dulles and Newark. The first plane to be hijacked was American Airlines (AA) Flight eleven, which was flying to Los Angeles from Boston.