TurkishJournalofEarthSciences (TurkishJ.EarthSci.),Vol.15, 2006,pp.155-180. Copyright©TÜB‹TAK StratigraphicandPalaeoenvironmentalSignificanceof Bartonian–Priabonian(Middle–LateEocene)Microfossils fromtheBaflçeflmeFormation,DenizliProvince, WesternAnatolia MEHMETSERKANAKK‹RAZ1,FUNDAAKGÜN1,SEFERÖRÇEN2, ANGELAANNELIESEBRUCH3 &VOLKERMOSBRUGGER3 1DokuzEylülÜniversitesi,MühendislikFakültesi,JeolojiMühendisli¤iBölümü, Bornova,TR–35100‹zmir,Turkey (E-mail:[email protected]) 2YüzüncüY›lÜniversitesi,Mühendislik-Mimarl›kFakültesi,JeolojiMühendisli¤iBölümü, TR–65080Van,Turkey 3InstituteandMuseumofGeologyandPalaeontology,Sigwartstr.10,D–72076Tübingen,Germany Abstract: ThisstudyexplainsthestratigraphicalandpalaeoenvironmentalsignificanceofBartonian–Priabonian (Middle–LateEocene)fossils,thefaunaandfloraobtainedfromtheBaflçeflmeformationoftheÇardak–Tokça basin(westernAnatolia).ThestudiedsequenceisanoutcropfromtheBaflçeflmeformation,depositedinashallow- marinetocoastalenvironmentwithoutstratigraphicbreaks.Fortygeneraand58specieshavebeenrecognizedin thepalynologicalassemblageoftheBaflçeflmeformation.Awell-preserveddiversepalynomorphandforaminiferal assemblagesyieldtheMiddle–LateEoceneagefortheBaflçeflmeformation.InwesternAnatolia,mangrove elementsNypa andPelliciera havebeenfirstrecordedinthisstudy.Thepollenof Mauritia andAcrostichum occur intheback-mangroveenvironment.Lowland–Riparianandmontaneelementsarecharacterizedbydominanceof Myricaceae,Betulaceae, Engelhardia, Fagaceae,Myrtaceae,AnacardiaceaeandTaxodiaceae, Pinus,Abies,Picea, Cathaya,Quercus andCastanea,respectively.Fresh-waterelementsarerepresentedbySparganiaceae,Pediastrum sp.andAglaoreidiacyclops. ThepalynologicaldataforsamplestakenfromthelowerpartofthesectionoftheBaflçeflmeformationindicate aback-mangroveenvironment.Thepresenceofpoorlypreserveddinoflagellatecystssuggestthatsedimentation occurredinamangroveenvironmentintheupperpartofthesection.Thewell-preservedforaminiferaldata,along withcorals,bivalvesandgastropods,indicatethatsedimentationceasedintheshallow-marineenvironment.Inthis paper,terrestrialclimaticconditionsoftheBaflçeflmeformationarealsodiscussedonthebasisofthecoexistence approach. KeyWords: Middle–LateEocene,mangrove,westernAnatolia,benthicforaminifer,palynomorph, palaeoenvironment,palaeoclimate DenizliYöresindekiBartoniyen–Priyaboniyen(Orta–GeçEosen)Mikrofosilleri içerenBaflçeflmeFormasyonu’nunStratigrafikveOrtamsalÖnemi,Bat›Anadolu Özet: Buçal›flma,Çardak–Tokçahavzas›n›n(Bat›Anadolu)Baflçeflmeformasyonunundaneldeedilen Bartoniyen–Priyaboniyen(Orta–GeçEosen)yafll›,faunavefloran›nstratigrafikvepaleoortamsalöneminiaç›klar. Çal›fl›lanistif,stratigrafikkesiklikolmaks›z›n,s›¤deniz,k›y›ortam›ndaçökelmiflBaflçeflmeformasyonundanbir yüzlektir.Baflçeflmeformasyonununpalinolojiktoplulu¤unda40cinsve58türtan›mlanm›flt›r.‹yikorunmuflçeflitli palinomorfveforaminifertopluluklar›,Baflçeflmeformasyonunyafl›n›Orta–GeçEosenolarakvermektedir.Bat› Anadolu’da,mangroveelementleriolanNypa vePelliciera ilkkezbuçal›flmadakaydedilmifltir.Mangrovgerisindeki ortamdaMauritia veAcrostichum polenlerimevcuttur.Alçakalan-Irmakkenar›elemanlar›,Myricaceae,Betulaceae, Engelhardia,Fagaceae,Myrtaceae,AnacardiaceaeveTaxodiaceae,da¤elemanlar›ise Pinus,Abies,Picea,Cathaya, Quercus veCastanea ilekarakterizeedilir.Tatl›suelamanlar›Sparganiaceae,Pediastrum sp.veAglaoreidiacyclops iletemsiledilir. Eldeedilenpalinolojikveriler,Baflçeflmeformasyonunaltkesimlerindenal›nanörneklerinmangrovgerisi ortam›belirtti¤inigöstermektedir.‹stifinüstkesimlerindekötükorunmufldinoflagellatler›nvarl›¤›tortullaflman›n 155 MIDDLE–LATEEOCENEMICROFOSSILSFROMDEN‹ZL‹AREA mangroveortam›ndagerçekleflti¤inigöstermektedir.Mercan,bivalviavegastropodluiyikorunmuflforaminifer verileri,tortulaflman›ns›¤denizelortamdasonbuldu¤unugöstermektedir.Bumakalede,‘ coexistenceapproach’ yönteminedayal›,Baflçeflmeformasyonununkarasaliklimselkoflullar›datart›fl›lm›flt›r. AnahtarSözcükler: Orta–GeçEosen,mangrov,Bat›Anadolu,bentikforaminifer,palinomorf,paleoortam, paleoiklim Introduction typesofconglomerates,thesebelongingtotheEocene, ThePalaeocene–Eocenesedimentarysuccessionsof LowerOligoceneandOligocene,respectively.fienel westernAnatoliaareclaimedtohavedevelopedonthe (1997)collectedthefindingsofGöktafletal. (1989)and differenttectonostratigraphicunits,suchastheLycian reinterpretedtheageoftheBaflçeflmeformationasLate Nappes(Poisson1976;Yalç›nkayaetal. 1986;Göktaflet Lutetian–Priabonian.Sözbilir etal. (2001)studiedthe al. 1989;Özkaya1991;fienel1991,1997;Collins& stratigraphicandtectonicpropertiesoftheEoceneinthe Robertson1997,1998,1999;Bozkurt&Park1999; Baklansuccession,located10kmfromthestudyarea, Sözbiliretal. 2001;Sözbilir2002),theMenderesMassif (Figure1b)andreportedawell-preservedmarinefauna (e.g.,Poisson1976;Özkaya1990,1991;Bozkurt& whichyieldsaBartonian(MiddleEocene)age. Park1994;Özer etal. 2001;Koralay etal. 2004)and ThisstudyfocusesontheBaflçeflmeformation, theBeyDa¤lar›carbonateplatform(Özkaya1991;Collins composedofbothmarineandcoal-bearinglacustrine &Robertson1998;Sar›&Özer2002)(Figure1a,b). sediments.Theobjectiveofthispaperistoprovidefor Thenon–metamorphosedPalaeocene–Eocene thefirsttimepalynologicalandforaminiferalevidence sedimentarysuccessionsofwesternAnatoliagenerally fromtheMadenandtheAsarmembersoftheBaflçeflme consistofconglomerate,sandstone,turbiditic formation,toobtainpreciseages,toascertain sandstone–mudstonealternations,bioclasticlimestone depositionalenvironments,tobegintounderstand lenses,blocksoflimestonesandvolcanicrocks,andthese qualitativepalaeoclimaticconditionsfortheseunits,and havebeeninterpretedtobeofthesupra-allochthonous alsotoanalyzethesimilaritiestoanddifferencesfrom basintype,andtohavedevelopedovertheLycianNappe correlativeEocenebasinsinTurkey. package(Sözbilir2002).Limitedcoal-bearingEocene outcropshavebeenobservedinwesternAnatolia.The coal-bearingEocenesedimentsoftheÇardak-Tokça Stratigraphy basin,whichstratigraphicallyoverlietheLycianNappes, Inthearea,pre-Eocenebasementconsistsofthe areexposed35kmeastofDenizli(Figure1a,b). Triassic–LowerEoceneLycianNappesandgenerally Micropalaeontologicalandstratigraphicalstudieson comprisesmetaconglomerate,metasandstone, theEoceneformationsoftheÇardak-Tokçabasinhave recrystallizedlimestone,metavolcanites,dolomite, beeneitherneglectedorcarriedoutbyMineralResearch dolomiticlimestones,andophiolitic-rockmatrixand ofExplorationInstitute(M.T.A.).Theunpublishedreport blocks(Göktafl etal. 1989).TheBaflçeflmeformation ofGöktafl etal. (1989)wasthefirstcomprehensive unconformablyoverliestheLycianNappesandismadeup stratigraphicandpalaeontologicalstudyoftheTertiary offourdifferentmemberswhichareterrestrialand sedimentsoftheÇardak-Tokçabasin.TheBaflçeflme shallowmarineincharacter;theseare(frombottomto formationwasformerlysubdividedintofoursmembers top)theDazlak,Beflparmakreef,MadenandAsar (frombottomtotop),theDazlak,Beflparmakreef, members(Göktafletal. 1989;fienel1997)(Figures1b& MadenandAsarmembers.Thatstudyreportedthatthe 2).Inthestudyarea,theDazlak,MadenandAsar ageoftheBaflçeflmeformationisLateEocene membersoccurthesequence(Figure2).Here,their (Priabonian)onthebasisofunillustratedbenthic lithologicalpropertiesaredescribedbriefly,inascending foraminifers,mollusksandcorals.fiahbaz&Görmüfl order. (1992)examinedthestratigraphicandsedimentological TheDazlakmember,whichisbarrenofmicrofossils, propertiesoftheconglomeratesthatcropoutasthe generallycomprisesareddishconglomerateand Çardak-Tokçabasinfillandrecognizedthreedifferent sandstonealternationoftransgressivecharacter.The 156 N REGIONAL LOCATION N 39° BAKLAN TURKEY Hayrettin Boğaziçi ALAŞEHİR Area in İZMİR Figure 1a 38° Avdan Armutalanı M.S.AKK‹RAZ AYDIN DENİZLİ ACIGÖL ET AL. ÇARDAK AEGEAN SEA Figure 1b BOZKURT 37° 0 20 km MUĞLA 29° a 27° 28° b 0 1000 m Menderes Massif Lycian Nappes İzmir-Ankara Zone Oligo-Miocene Neogene Dazlak mem. Beşparmak reef mem. Maden mem. Asar mem. undiff. Başçeşme Oligocene Upper Miocene - basins sediments Başçeşme formation formation sediments Pliocene sediments Middle-Upper Eocene Quaternary Reactivated fault section line sediments thrusts Figure1. (a) SimplifiedgeologicalmapofwesternAnatolia(fiengör&Y›lmaz1981;fiengör etal. 1985;Konak etal. 1987;Seyito¤lu&Scott1996). (b)Geologicalmapofthe Çardak–Tokçabasin(modifiedfromGöktafl etal. 1989). 157 158 Formation Member Formation Member Formation Member Formation Member Formation Member Age Age Age Age Age 296 EXPLANATIONS 196 02/22 02/36 526 96 02/21 396 02/20 292 A16 coarse conglomerate 192 522 92 392 medium conglomerate 288 A15 MADEN 188 02/46 518 88 01B/33 388 02/45 fine conglomerate 284 01B/11 184 84 384 514 coarse sandstone A14 280 180 A13 80 380 510 fine sandstone 02B/35 A12 276 MIDDLE–LATEEOCENEMICROFOSSILSFROMDEN‹ZL‹AREA 176 02B/34 506 A11 mudstone 76 02B/33 376 272 02B/32 x A10 502 A9 sandy limestone 172 ASAR 72 372 A8 268 M7 limestone 168 M6 468 68 M5 368 A7 264 M4 LATE EOCENE A6 coal 164 02/44 464 64 364 A5 covered 260 A4 160 460 A3 60 360 256 A2 coral 156 456 A1 56 02/43 01B/24 356 252 benthic foraminifer 152 452 ME ME ME ME 52 ME 352 gastropod Ş Ş Ş Ş Ş 248 148 448 bioclast 48 ÇE ÇE ÇE ÇE ÇE 348 Ş Ş Ş Ş Ş 244 bivalve 444 02/58 DAZLAK MADEN MADEN DAZLAK 144 44 344 channel fill BA BA BA BA BA 02/42 240 02/41 02/57 planar bedding 140 440 02/56 40 02B/31 340 02B/30 02/55 cross lamination 236 02/54 136 02B/29 436 36 336 bioturbation MIDDLE - ?LATE EOCENE 232 02B/02 02/53 erosive MIDDLE - ?LATE EOCENE 02/40 132 432 02B/01 332 02/39 gradational 32 MIDDLE - ?LATE EOCENE MIDDLE - ?LATE EOCENE 02/38 228 02B/08 128 428 02B/31 productive sample 28 328 02B/07 224 02B/06 02B/38 barren sample 124 MADEN 424 24 324 220 02B/28 120 02B/27 420