ROAD SPACE RATIONING TO REDUCE TRAFFIC CONGESTION: AN EVALUATION OF THE ODD- EVEN SCHEME IN JAKARTA, INDONESIA OKTANIZA NAFILA March, 2018 SUPERVISORS: Ir. M.J.G. Brussel Dr. A.B. Grigolon ROAD SPACE RATIONING TO REDUCE TRAFFIC CONGESTION: AN EVALUATION OF THE ODD-EVEN SCHEME IN JAKARTA, INDONESIA OKTANIZA NAFILA Enschede, The Netherlands, March, 2018 Thesis submitted to the Faculty of Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation of the University of Twente in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Geo-information Science and Earth Observation. Specialization: Urban Planning and Management SUPERVISORS: Ir. M. J. G. Brussel Dr. A. B. Grigolon THESIS ASSESSMENT BOARD: Prof. Ir. Martin Van Marseveen Dr. Shanty Rachmat – ITB Institut Teknologi Bandung, Indonesia Ir. M. J. G. Brussel Dr. A. B. Grigolon DISCLAIMER This document describes work undertaken as part of a programme of study at the Faculty of Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation of the University of Twente. All views and opinions expressed therein remain the sole responsibility of the author, and do not necessarily represent those of the Faculty. ABSTRACT Jakarta, a capital city of Indonesia, a developing country, suffers from severe congestion. This city implement several TDM policies to combat the congestion range from public transportation improvement to traffic restriction. One of TDM policies, the “odd-even” road rationing scheme, is implemented in two main corridors within its CBD area. An odd-even scheme is popular among developing countries due to its low cost nature and easy enforcement. The odd-even scheme in Jakarta succeed in reducing congestion in the restricted road however some still argue that this regulation could not effectively reduce congestion in wider area. Unfortunately, the evaluation was done by using limited traffic flow data thus allow to further analyse the changes in traffic condition. In this study, the effect of the odd-even scheme in Jakarta is evaluated in term of traffic reduction based on available traffic-related data. This study reflect on the limitation of the available data, particularly in the data collection methods. Furthermore, a better methodology, which allows controlling external parameters, is proposed based on the findings and literature reviews. According to the results, the effect of the odd-even scheme on the traffic condition could not be shown or analysed further by using the available data. Based on that limitation, a methodology to evaluate TDM measures in Jakarta is proposed. A small survey with 66 respondents is done to understand what the travellers do to adapt to the restrictions. Several interviews with local experts are also done to help to discuss the advantages and limitations of an odd-even scheme based on the result. Results from the small survey and interviews with local experts is used to support the proposed methodology. This study provides insights to local government on the evaluations of the effect of the odd-even scheme in the particular corridors in Jakarta. The recommendation could help Government to be better at monitoring and evaluating the push measures performance in the future, particularly in implementing Electronic Road Pricing which is planned to be implemented in 2019. i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to acknowledge my first supervisor, Ir. M. J. G. Brussel and my second supervisor, Dr. A. B. Grigolon for the constructive remarks, discussion, and encouragement during the whole research period. I am grateful to have the opportunity to learn a lot from all of you. I would like to thank Prof. Ir. Martin Van Marseveen as the Chairman of the thesis assessment board for the valuable suggestion and discussion. Also, I thank Mr. Willem Nieuwenhuis for the spectral extraction tool that was helpful to fasten the extraction process. I particularly appreciate the participation of 66 respondents and support from Jakarta Transportation Agency in Jakarta, Indonesia. Furthermore, this research was made possible by the great support from the the local experts. Therefore, I would like to thank the following people from those institutions for the advice, the survey data, and the help during the fieldwork: I would like to express my gratitude to Nuffic Neso for giving me funding and opportunity to study in ITC by Stuned Scholarship. Finally, I gratefully thank my family and friends who always support me. Special thanks also to the rest of my classmates in the Urban Planning and Management. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Figures ............................................................................................................................................................... iv List of Tables .................................................................................................................................................................. v 1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................................................... 1 1.1. Background and Justification ....................................................................................................................................1 1.2. Research Problem ........................................................................................................................................................2 1.3. Significance of the Research ......................................................................................................................................2 1.4. Research Objectives and Questions .........................................................................................................................2 1.5. Hypotheses ...................................................................................................................................................................3 1.6. Thesis Structure ...........................................................................................................................................................3 2. Literature Review .................................................................................................................................................. 5 2.1. Travel Demand Management ....................................................................................................................................5 2.2. TDM Implementation Worldwide ...........................................................................................................................6 2.3. Road Rationing Implementation Worldwide .........................................................................................................7 2.4. Evaluation of TDM Measure ....................................................................................................................................8 2.5. Summary .................................................................................................................................................................... 15 3. Methodology ....................................................................................................................................................... 17 3.1. Study Area .................................................................................................................................................................. 17 3.2. Research Design ....................................................................................................................................................... 23 3.3. Data Collection ......................................................................................................................................................... 24 3.4. Ethical Issues ............................................................................................................................................................. 26 4. The Evaluation of Effect of Odd-Even Scheme in Jakarta ........................................................................ 29 4.1. Effect of odd-even scheme on traffic reduction ................................................................................................ 29 4.2. Influence of the odd-even scheme on behavioural change .............................................................................. 38 5. Review Of Methodology to Evaluate The Effect of Future TDM Policies in Jakarta ........................... 45 5.1. Wide-Range Impact Analysis.................................................................................................................................. 45 5.2. Methodology of Traffic Assessment ..................................................................................................................... 46 6. Conclusions and Recommendations .............................................................................................................. 51 6.1. Conclusions ............................................................................................................................................................... 51 6.2. Recommendations .................................................................................................................................................... 55 List of References ....................................................................................................................................................... 57 Annexes : Fieldwork plan .........................................................................................................................................