The Spread of Political Economy and the Professionalisation of Economists This book presents the first systematic research and comparative analysis ever attempted on the rise and early developments of the Economic Associations founded in Europe, the USA and Japan during the nineteenth century. Individual chapters reconstruct the events that led to the foundation of economic societies in Britain, France, Italy, Belgium, Spain, Portugal, the Netherlands, Sweden, Germany, Japan and the USA. Contributors analyse the activities and debates promoted by these associations, evaluating their role in: • the dissemination of political economy • the institutionalisation of economics • the construction of professional self-consciousness among economists With contributions from outstanding experts, this book will be of essential interest not only to historians of economic thought, but also to those working more generally in the fields of economics or the history of scientific thought. Massimo M.Augello is Professor of History of Economic Thought and Head of the Department of Economics at the University of Pisa. He has published Joseph Alois Schumpeter. A Reference Guide (1990), and co-edited Le cattedre di economia politica in Italia (1988), Le riviste di economia in italia (1996), and Associazionismo e diffusione dell’economia politica nell’ltalia dell’Ottocento (2000). He is the managing editor of the journal Il pensiero economico italiano and a member of the Advisory Board of History of Economic Ideas. Marco E.L.Guidi is Associate Professor of History of Economic Thought at the Department of Social Studies at the University of Brescia. He is the author of several works on Bentham and classical utilitarianism. He has co- edited Le riviste di economia in Italia (1996) and Associazionismo e diffusione dell’economia politica nell’ltalia dell’Ottocento (2000). He is chief editor of the journal Il pensiero economico italiano and a member of the Advisory Board of The European Journal of the History of Economic Thought. Routledge Studies in the History of Economics 1 Economics as Literature Willie Henderson 2 Socialism and Marginalism in Economics 1870–1930 Edited by Ian Steedman 3 Hayek’s Political Economy The socio-economics of order Steve Fleetwood 4 On the Origins of Classical Economics Distribution and value from William Petty to Adam Smith Tony Aspromourgos 5 The Economics of Joan Robinson Edited by Maria Cristina Marcuzzo, Luigi Pasinetti and Alessandro Roncaglia 6 The Evolutionist Economics of Léon Walras Albert jolink 7 Keynes and the ‘Classics’ A study in language, epistemology and mistaken identities Michel Verdon 8 The History of Game Theory, Vol. 1 From the beginnings to 1945 Robert W.Dimand and Mary Ann Dimand 9 The Economics of W.S.Jevons Sandra Peart 10 Gandhi’s Economic Thought Ajit K.Dasgupta 11 Equilibrium and Economic Theory Edited by Giovanni Caravale 12 Austrian Economics in Debate Edited by Willem Keizer, Bert Tieben and Rudy van Zijp 13 Ancient Economic Thought Edited by B.B.Price 14 The Political Economy of Social Credit and Guild Socialism Frances Hutchinson and Brian Burkitt 15 Economic Careers Economics and economists in Britain 1930–70 Keith Tribe 16 Understanding ‘Classical’ Economics Studies in the long-period theory Heinz Kurz and Neri Salvadori 17 History of Environmental Economic Thought E.Kula 18 Economic Thought in Communist and Post-Communist Europe Edited by Hans-Jürgen Wagener 19 Studies in the History of French Political Economy From Bodin to Walras Edited by Gilbert Faccarello 20 The Economics of John Rae Edited by O.F.Hamouda, C.Lee and D.Mair 21 Keynes and the Neoclassical Synthesis Einsteinian versus Newtonian macroeconomics Teodoro Dario Togati 22 Historical Perspectives on Macroeconomics Sixty years after the ‘General Theory’ Edited by Philippe Fontaine and Albert Jolink 23 The Founding of Institutional Economics The leisure class and sovereignty Edited by Warren J.Samuels 24 Evolution of Austrian Economics From Menger to Lachmann Sandye Gloria 25 Marx’s Concept of Money: the God of Commodities Anitra Nelson 26 The Economics of James Steuart Edited by Ramón Tortajada 27 The Development of Economics in Europe since 1945 Edited by A.W.Bob Coats 28 The Canon in the History of Economics Critical essays Edited by Michalis Psalidopoulos 29 Money and Growth Selected papers of Allyn Abbott Young Edited by Perry G.Mehrling and Roger J.Sandilands 30 The Social Economics of Jean-Baptiste Say Markets and virtue Evelyn L.Forget 31 The Foundations of Laissez-Faire The economics of Pierre de Boisguilbert Gilbert Faccarello 32 John Ruskin’s Political Economy Willie Henderson 33 Contributions to the History of Economic Thought Essays in Honour of RDC Black Edited by Antoin E.Murphy and Renee Prendergast 34 Towards an Unknown Marx A commentary on the manuscripts of 1861–3 Enrique Dussel 35 Economics and Interdisciplinary Exchange Edited by Guido Erreygers 36 Economics as the Art of Thought Essays in memory of G.L.S.Shackle Edited by Stephen F.Frowen and Peter Earl 37 The Decline of Ricardian Economics Politics and economics in post-Ricardian theory Susan Pashkoff 38 Piero Sraffa His life, thought and cultural heritage Alessandro Roncaglia 39 Equilibrium and Disequilibrium in Economic Theory The Marshall-Walras divide Edited by Michel de Vroey 40 The German Historical School The historical and ethical approach to economics Edited by Yuichi Shionoya 41 Reflections on the Classical Canon in Economics Essays in honor of Samuel Hollander Edited by Sandra Peart and Evelyn Forget 42 Piero Sraffa’s Political Economy A centenary estimate Edited by Terenzio Cozzi and Roberto Marchionatti 43 The Contribution of Joseph A.Schumpeter to Economics Richard Arena and Cecile Dangel 44 On the Development of Long-run Neo-Classical Theory Tom Kompas 45 Economic Analysis and Political Economy in the Thought of Hayek Edited by Thierry Aimar and Jack Birner 46 Pareto, Economics and Society The mechanical analogy Michael McLure 47 Strategies and Programmes in Capital Theory Jack Birner 48 Economics Broadly Considered Essays in honor (sic) of Warren J.Samuels Edited by Steven G.Medema, Jeff Biddle and John B.Davis 49 Physicians and Political Economy Six studies of the work of doctor-economists Edited by Peter Groenewegen 50 The Spread of Political Economy and the Professionalisation of Economists Economic societies in Europe, America and Japan in the nineteenth century Massimo M.Augello and Marco E.L.Guidi 51 Modern Historians of Economics and Economic Thought The makers of disciplinary memory Steven G.Medema and Warren J.Samuels The Spread of Political Economy and the Professionalisation of Economists Economic societies in Europe, America and Japan in the nineteenth century Edited by Massimo M.Augello and Marco E.L.Guidi London and New York In memory of Ernest Lluch First published 2001 by Routledge 11 New Fetter Lane, London EC4P 4EE Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Routledge 29 West 35th Street, New York, NY 10001 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2003. © 2001 Editorial material and selection, Massimo M.Augello and Marco E.L.Guidi; individual chapters © the authors All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data The spread of political economy and the professionalisation of economists: economic societies in Europe, America and Japan in the nineteenth century/edited by Massimo M.Augello and Marco E.L.Guidi. Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Economics—Societies, etc.—History—19th century. 2. Economics—History—19th century. I. Augello, Massimo M., 1949– II. Guidi, Marco E.L., 1958– HB85 .S63 2001 330.06–dc21 00–046018 ISBN 0-203-46908-9 Master e-book ISBN ISBN 0-203-77732-8 (Adobe eReader Format) ISBN 0-415-23669-X (Print Edition) Contents Notes on contributors ix Preface xii 1 Nineteenth-century economic societies in a comparative approach: the emergence of professional economists 1 MASSIMO M.AUGELLO AND MARCO E.L.GUIDI 2 Economic societies in Great Britain and Ireland 32 KEITH TRIBE 3 The Société d’Economie Politique of Paris (1842–1914) 53 YVES BRETON 4 The associations of economists and the dissemination of political economy in Italy 70 MASSIMO M.AUGELLO AND MARCO E.L.GUIDI 5 Economic associations in Belgium 91 GUIDO ERREYGERS 6 Spanish societies, academies and economic debating societies 109 SALVADOR ALMENAR AND VICENT LLOMBART 7 From learned societies to professional associations: the establishment of the economist profession in Portugal 126 ANTÓNIO ALMODOVAR AND JOSÉ LUÍS CARDOSO vii viii Contents 8 Patriots, the poor and economic progress: economic societies in the Netherlands 138 EVERT SCHOORL 9 The Verein für Sozialpolitik from its foundation (1872) until World War I 152 HARALD HAGEMANN 10 The Swedish Economic Association from its foundation (1877) to the turn of the century 176 ROLF G.H.HENRIKSSON 11 Orchestrating economic ideas: the formation and development of economic societies in modern Japan 200 JIRO KUMAGAI 12 Economists and professional organisations in pre-World War I America 216 WILLIAM J.BARBER Index 233 Contributors Salvador Almenar, born 1949, is Professor of History of Economic Thought at the University of Valencia, Spain. He has recently published several works on classical and Keynesian economics in Spain. He edited the Curso de economía política by Alvaro Flórez Estrada (Madrid: Ministerio de Hacienda, 1980). He is co-editor of the collection Economía y economístas españoles (1999–2000), and is a member of the Executive Committee of the European Society for the History of Economic Thought and of the Editorial Board of The European Journal of the History of Economic Thought.