Integrated, transboundary climate-adaptation governance Exploring essential steps for the development of a cross- border and integrated climate-adaptation strategy KfC 145/2014 ISBN/EAN: 978-94-92100-11-5 HSGR 3.3 report phase II Thanks to the expert panel, interviewees and participants in our workshops. We are grateful for the support of Rob Schoonman, Maja Valstar, Ysbrand Graafsma, Sonja Seuren, Anouk te Nijenhuis and Valentijn Holewijn. We would like to thank the reviewers for their constructive feedback. This study was carried out at the request of the Ministry of Infrastructure and Environment. This research pro- ject was carried out by the Radboud University Nijmegen within the framework of the Dutch National Re- search Programme Knowledge for Climate (www.knowledgeforclimate.org). This research programme is co- financed by the Ministry of Infrastructure and Environment. Copyright © 2014 National Research Programme Knowledge for Climate/Nationaal Onderzoekprogramma Kennis voor Klimaat (KvK) All rights reserved. Nothing in this publication may be copied, stored in automated databases or published without prior written consent of the National Research Programme Knowledge for Climate/Nationaal Onder- zoeksprogramma Kennis voor Klimaat. Pursuant to Article 15a of the Dutch Law on authorship, sections of this publication may be quoted on the understanding that a clear reference is made to this publication. Liability The National Research Programme Knowledge for Climate and the authors of this publication have exercised due caution in preparing this publication. However, it cannot be excluded that this publication might contain errors or be incomplete. Any use of the content of this publication is the responsibility of the user. The Foun- dation Knowledge for Climate (Stichting Kennis voor Klimaat), its organisation members, the authors of this publication and their organisations cannot be held liable for any damages resulting from the use of this publi- cation. Integrated, transboundary climate-adaptation governance Exploring essential steps for the development of a cross- border and integrated climate-adaptation strategy Marjolein van Eerd, Mark Wiering and Sander Meijerink1 Supported by ISIS (Institute for Science, Innovation and Society) Toine Smits and Erik Opdam KfC 145/2014 ISBN/EAN: 978-94-92100-11-5 HSGR 3.3 fase II 1 Institute for Management Research, Nijmegen School of Management, Section Geography, Planning and Envi- ronment, Radboud University Nijmegen. Contact: [email protected]. Content CONTENT.......................................................................................................................................................... 5 1. SAMENVATTING ....................................................................................................................................... 7 2. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG .............................................................................................................................. 9 3. INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................................... 11 3.1 CLIMATE CHANGE AND SHIFTING CHALLENGES AT THE BORDER ............................................................................ 11 3.2 CLIMATE-ADAPTATION GOVERNANCE IN THE NETHERLANDS ............................................................................... 11 3.3 CLIMATE-ADAPTATION GOVERNANCE IN NEIGHBOURING COUNTRIES .................................................................... 12 3.3.1 Climate adaptation governance in Belgium ......................................................................................... 13 3.3.2 Climate adaptation governance in Germany ....................................................................................... 13 3.3.3 Concluding remarks ............................................................................................................................. 13 3.4 THE EUROPEAN CONTEXT WITH REGARD TO CLIMATE ADAPTATION ...................................................................... 13 3.4.1 The European Climate Adaptation Strategy ..................................................................................... 14 3.5 RESEARCH OBJECTIVES, SCOPE AND METHODS ................................................................................................. 15 3.6 REPORT’S OUTLINE .................................................................................................................................... 16 4. A THEORETICAL BACKGROUND ON TRANSBOUNDARY, INTEGRATED CLIMATE-ADAPTATION GOVERNANCE ................................................................................................................................................ 17 4.1 THE URGENCY OF TRANSBOUNDARY CLIMATE-ADAPTATION GOVERNANCE ............................................................. 17 4.2 THE URGENCY FOR AN INTEGRATED CLIMATE-ADAPTATION APPROACH ................................................................. 17 4.3 OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES FOR AN INTEGRATED AND TRANSBOUNDARY CLIMATE-ADAPTATION STRATEGY ......... 18 4.4 CLIMATE-ADAPTATION GOVERNANCE CHOICES ................................................................................................ 19 5. LEARNING LESSONS FROM ‘BEST PRACTICES’ OF CLIMATE-ADAPTATION GOVERNANCE ....................... 22 5.1 PROBLEM PERCEPTION ............................................................................................................................... 22 5.2 LEVEL AND SCALE ....................................................................................................................................... 23 5.3 MULTI-SECTOR OR SECTOR-BASED GOVERNANCE ............................................................................................. 23 5.4 TIMING AND SEQUENCE .............................................................................................................................. 24 5.5 MODE AND INSTRUMENT ............................................................................................................................ 24 5.6 COSTS AND BENEFITS .................................................................................................................................. 25 5.7 IMPLEMENTATION AND ENFORCMENT ............................................................................................................ 25 5.8 CONCLUDING REMARKS .............................................................................................................................. 26 6. PROMISING BORDER REGIONS FOR THE APPLICATION OF A CLIMATE-ADAPTATION STRATEGY ............ 27 6.1 DE GELDERSE POORT ................................................................................................................................. 27 6.1.1 Description of the region .................................................................................................................. 27 6.1.2 Cross-border cooperation ................................................................................................................. 28 6.1.3 Challenges ........................................................................................................................................ 28 6.1.4 The region’s potential....................................................................................................................... 28 6.2 MAASTRICHT-LIÈGE AND THE EUREGIO MEUSE-RHINE ..................................................................................... 29 6.2.1 Description of the region .................................................................................................................. 29 6.2.2 Cross-border cooperation ................................................................................................................. 29 6.2.3 Challenges ........................................................................................................................................ 30 6.2.4 The region’s potential....................................................................................................................... 30 6.3 THE EMS-DOLLART REGION ......................................................................................................................... 31 6.3.1 Description of the region .................................................................................................................. 31 6.3.2 Cross-border cooperation ................................................................................................................. 31 6.3.3 Challenges ........................................................................................................................................ 32 6.3.4 The region’s potential....................................................................................................................... 32 5 Knowledge for Climate – HSGR 3.3 – Integrated, transboundary climate adaptation governance 6.4 THE SCHELDT CATCHMENT .......................................................................................................................... 33 6.4.1 Description of the region .................................................................................................................. 33 6.4.2 Cross-border cooperation ................................................................................................................. 33 6.4.3 Challenges .......................................................................................................................................