The author(s) shown below used Federal funds provided by the U.S. Department of Justice and prepared the following final report: Document Title: Long-Term Effects of Law Enforcement’s Post- 9/11 Focus on Counterterrorism and Homeland Security Author: Lois M. Davis, Michael Pollard, Kevin Ward, Jeremy M. Wilson, Danielle M. Varda, Lydia Hansell and Paul Steinberg Document No.: 232791 Date Received: December 2010 Award Number: 2007-IJ-CX-0012 This report has not been published by the U.S. Department of Justice. To provide better customer service, NCJRS has made this Federally- funded grant final report available electronically in addition to traditional paper copies. Opinions or points of view expressed are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice. This document is a research report submitted to the U.S. Department of Justice. This report has not been published by the Department. Opinions or points of view expressed are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice. Long-Term Effects of Law Enforcement’s Post-9/11 Focus on Counterterrorism and Homeland Security Lois M. Davis • Michael Pollard • Kevin Ward Jeremy M. Wilson • Danielle M. Varda • Lydia Hansell Paul Steinberg Prepared for the National Institute of Justice Safety and Justice A RAND INFRASTRUCTURE, SAFETY, AND ENVIRONMENT PROGRAM This document is a research report submitted to the U.S. Department of Justice. This report has not been published by the Department. Opinions or points of view expressed are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice. This project was supported by grant number 2007-IJ-CX-0012 awarded by the National Institute of Justice, U.S. Department of Justice. The opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations contained herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official position of the U.S. Department of Justice. This research was conducted within the Safety and Justice Program of RAND Infrastructure, Safety, and Environment (ISE). Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Long-term effects of law enforcement's post-9/11 focus on counterterrorism and homeland security / Lois M. Davis ... [et al.]. p. cm. ISBN 978-0-8330-5103-5 (pbk. : alk. paper) 1. Terrorism—United States—Prevention. 2. National security—United States. 3. Law enforcement—United States. I. Davis, Lois M. HV6432.L66 2011 363.325'160973—dc22 2010041707 The RAND Corporation is a nonprofit institution that helps improve policy and decisionmaking through research and analysis. RAND’s publications do not necessarily reflect the opinions of its research clients and sponsors. R® is a registered trademark. © Copyright 2010 RAND Corporation Permission is given to duplicate this document for personal use only, as long as it is unaltered and complete. Copies may not be duplicated for commercial purposes. Unauthorized posting of RAND documents to a non-RAND website is prohibited. RAND documents are protected under copyright law. For information on reprint and linking permissions, please visit the RAND permissions page (http://www.rand.org/publications/ permissions.html). Published 2010 by the RAND Corporation 1776 Main Street, P.O. Box 2138, Santa Monica, CA 90407-2138 1200 South Hayes Street, Arlington, VA 22202-5050 4570 Fifth Avenue, Suite 600, Pittsburgh, PA 15213-2665 RAND URL: http://www.rand.org/ To order RAND documents or to obtain additional information, contact Distribution Services: Telephone: (310) 451-7002; Fax: (310) 451-6915; Email: [email protected] This document is a research report submitted to the U.S. Department of Justice. This report has not been published by the Department. Opinions or points of view expressed are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice. Preface This report represents the final publication supported by Award No. 2007-IJ-CX-0012 awarded by the National Institute of Justice (NIJ), Office of Justice Programs, U.S. Department of Justice. The opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this publi- cation are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the offi- cial position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice. This award is the result of NIJ’s interest in helping to inform the field of terrorism research as it relates to the long-term impact of 9/11 on police forces and the challenges nine years out that police departments face in this area. This study addresses the following research questions: • How have law enforcement’s strategies evolved to meet depart- ments’ long-term counterterrorism (CT) and homeland security (HS) requirements? To what degree has this focus created new operational demands? What effect has the focus on CT and HS had on training and officer skills-sets needed? • How has law enforcement resourced its CT and HS activities? • What advantages and challenges are associated with this new focus on CT and HS? • What has been the evolution of fusion centers? What key trends are associated with law enforcement agencies’ current approach to CT, including information-sharing, leveraging technology, and coordination activities? iii This document is a research report submitted to the U.S. Department of Justice. This report has not been published by the Department. Opinions or points of view expressed are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice. iv Effects of Law Enforcement’s Focus on Counterterrorism/Homeland Security • What are the current benefits associated with this long-term focus on CT and HS? What analytic framework can be used to assess the potential costs? To address these questions, we used a case study approach of five major law enforcement agencies in major metropolitan areas to under- stand their experiences in these areas post-9/11. To determine how fed- eral allocation for HS grant programs has changed over time, we con- ducted an analysis of the major grant programs in this area. Lastly, to quantify the costs associated with shifting enforcement personnel away from direct crime-fighting activities (e.g., patrol, investigations) into CT and HS functions, we conducted a cost of crime analysis. This report will be of interest to law enforcement and those involved with CT and HS at the federal, state, and local levels. Spe- cifically, this report will be of interest to law enforcement agencies in urban areas, the U.S. Departments of Justice and Homeland Security, and to the network of fusion centers within the United States. This report builds on extensive RAND research on law enforce- ment and homeland security, including • Lois M. Davis, Kevin Jack Riley, Gregory Kirk Ridgeway, Jenni- fer E. Pace, Sarah K. Cotton, Paul Steinberg, Kelly Damphousse, and Brent L. Smith, When Terrorism Hits Home: How Prepared Are State and Local Law Enforcement? MG-104-MIPT, 2004. • Lois M. Davis, Louis T. Mariano, Jennifer E. Pace, Sarah K. Cotton, and Paul Steinberg, Combating Terrorism: How Prepared Are State and Local Response Organizations? MG-309-OSD, 2006. • Paul Heaton, Hidden in Plain Sight: What Cost-of-Crime Research Can Tell Us About Investing in Police, Santa Monica, Calif.: RAND Corporation, OP-279-ISEC, 2010. • K. Jack Riley, Gregory F. Treverton, Jeremy M. Wilson, and Lois M. Davis, State and Local Intelligence in the War on Terrorism, MG-394-RC, 2005. • Jeremy M. Wilson, Bernard Rostker, and Cha-Chi Fan, Recruit- ing and Retaining America’s Finest: Evidence-Based Lessons for Police Workforce Planning, MG-960-NIJ, 2010. This document is a research report submitted to the U.S. Department of Justice. This report has not been published by the Department. Opinions or points of view expressed are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice. Preface v • Benjamin Zycher, A Preliminary Benefit/Cost Framework for Coun- terterrorism Public Expenditures, MR-1693-RC, 2003. All of these reports are accessible through the RAND website at http://www.rand.org. This research was conducted within the Safety and Justice Pro- gram of RAND Infrastructure, Safety, and Environment (ISE), a unit of the RAND Corporation. The mission of the ISE is to improve the development, operation, use, and protection of society’s essential built and natural assets; and to enhance the related social aspects of safety and security of individuals in transit and in their workplaces and com- munities. The Safety and Justice Program research addresses occu- pational safety, courts and corrections, and public safety—including violence, policing, substance abuse, and public integrity. Information about the Safety and Justice Program and its research publications can be found at http://www.rand.org/ise/safety. Inquiries may be directed to: Greg Ridgeway, Director of Safety and Justice RAND Corporation 1776 Main Street Santa Monica, CA 90407 Tel: 310.393.0411 Email: [email protected] This document is a research report submitted to the U.S. Department of Justice. This report has not been published by the Department. Opinions or points of view expressed are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice. This document is a research report submitted to the U.S. Department of Justice. This report has not been published by the Department. Opinions or points of view expressed are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice.