Downloaded by [University of Defence] at 20:46 19 May 2016 Comments on Terrorism and Violence in Southeast Asia ... "Terrorism and Violence in Southeast Asia brings together in a single volume the leading authorities on politically motivated transnational violence in one of the key theatres of the war on terror. The compelling range of contributors offer insightful analysis combined with lucidly written and historically nuanced accounts of the evolution, appeal, and capacity of transnational terrorist groups in Southeast Asia. Paul J. Smith has compiled an edited collection that will be essential reading both for students as well as those with a more general interest in this important, yet too often neglected region." -David Martin Jones, University of Queensland "This book offers us considerable insight and fact-based information on the issues surrounding terrorism .... While the chapters in this volume mainly focus on Southeast Asia, many of the themes apply to both organized crime and terrorism more broadly. This book should be useful for both academics and policy makers. I highly recommend this book to anyone interested in these crucially important issues." -Margaret E. Beare, Nathanson Centre for the Study of Organized Crime and Corruption, York University, Toronto "This timely and informative study of terrorism and transnational security threats in Southeast Asia is unique in examining the threats and challenges from different national perceptions and in consideration of complex political, social, and economic factors affecting policymaking. Moreover, it highlights regional vulnerabilities to international violence and Islamic militancy.... The incisive insights, research, and new policy directions suggested by the authors of this illuminating volume warrant the priority attention of government policy makers, including the United States." -Rear Admiral L.R. Vasey, Usn Ret., Asia Pacific Strategist and Founder, Pacific Forum CSIS Downloaded by [University of Defence] at 20:46 19 May 2016 This page intentionally left blank Downloaded by [University of Defence] at 20:46 19 May 2016 Terrorism and Violence 1n• Southeast Asia Transnational Challenges to States and Regional Stability Paul J. Smith, editor Downloaded by [University of Defence] at 20:46 19 May 2016 An East Gate Book ROUTLEDGE Routledge Taylor & Francis Group LONDON AND NEW YORK An East Gate Book First published 2005 by M.E. Sharpe Published 2015 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon 0Xl4 4RN 7ll Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017, USA Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business Copyright © 2005 Taylor & Francis. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Notices No responsibility is assumed by the publisher for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use of operation of any methods, products, instructions or ideas contained in the material herein. Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein. In using such information or methods they should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of others, including parties for whom they have a professional responsibility. Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Terrorism and violence in Southeast Asia : transnational challenges to states and regional Downloaded by [University of Defence] at 20:46 19 May 2016 stability I edited by Paul J. Smith p. cm. "An East Gate book." Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-7656-1433-2 (hardcover: alk. paper) - 0-7656-1434-0 (pbk.: alk. paper) 1. Terrorism-Asia, Southeastern. 2. Islam and terrorism-Asia, Southeastern. 3. Qaida (Organization) 4. Transnational crime-Asia, Southeastern. I. Smith, Paul J., 1965- HV6433.A785T47 2004 303.6'25'0959-<lc22 2004007994 ISBN 13: 9780765614346 (pbk) ISBN 13: 9780765614339 (hbk) Contents List of Figures vii Introduction Paul J. Smith ix List of Abbreviations xix I. A Transnational Perspective of Terrorism in Southeast Asia l. Transnational Violence in the Asia-Pacific: An Overview of Current Trends Alan Dupont 3 2. Militant Islamic Extremism in Southeast Asia Peter Chalk 19 3. Al-Qaeda Comes to Southeast Asia Zachary Abuza 38 4. Understanding al-Qaeda and Its Network in Southeast Asia Rohan Gunaratna 62 II. Regional Perspectives on Terrorism Downloaded by [University of Defence] at 20:46 19 May 2016 in Southeast Asia 5. Al-Qaeda and Political Terrorism in Southeast Asia Carlyle A. Thayer 79 6. Terrorism and the Political Landscape in Indonesia: The Fragile Post-Bali Consensus Anthony L. Smith 98 7. The Philippines and the Challenge of International Terrorism Paul A. Rodell 122 III. Southeast Asia's Ideological and Physical Enabling Environment 8. Countering Radical Islam in Southeast Asia: The Need to Confront the Functional and Ideological "Enabling Environment" Kumar Ramakrishna 145 9. Terrorism and Transnational Organized Crime: Tracing the Crime-Terror Nexus in Southeast Asia Tamara Makarenko 169 10. Trading the Tools of Terror: Armed Groups and Light Weapons Proliferation in Southeast Asia David Capie 188 11. Border Security and Transnational Violence in Southeast Asia Paul J. Smith 211 12. Media, Information Revolution, and Terrorism in Southeast Asia Shyam Tekwani 227 About the Editor and Contributors 249 Index 253 Downloaded by [University of Defence] at 20:46 19 May 2016 List of Figures 1.1 The Cold War National Security Continuum 7 1.2 The Post-Cold War National Security Continuum 7 9.1 The Crime-Terror Continuum (A) 174 9.2 The Crime-Terror Continuumn (B) 175 9 .3 Converging Threats 179 Downloaded by [University of Defence] at 20:46 19 May 2016 vii This page intentionally left blank Downloaded by [University of Defence] at 20:46 19 May 2016 Introduction Paul J. Smith Within hours after the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks in the United States, law enforcement officials in the Philippines reported on their experi­ ences with an earlier plot involving airplane bombing and suicide missions that was uncovered six years earlier. This plot, known as Operation Bojinka, appeared to have had similar elements as the 9/11 attacks. Police discovered the conspiracy when an accidental fire broke out in a Manila apartment build­ ing. Police later uncovered evidence that indicated plans to assassinate Pope John Paul II. However, authorities would later find a laptop computer that described the Bojinka plot in great detail. The essence of Bojinka was a plan to simultaneously bomb eleven U.S. airliners as they crossed the Pacific Ocean. A secondary plot involved hijacking an airplane in the United States and crashing it-in a suicide attack-into CIA headquarters or the Pentagon. Later, investigations would reveal that Khalid Sheikh Mohammed, a key tactical planner for al-Qaeda until his arrest, was linked to both Bojinka and the 9/11 attacks in the United States. 1 Moreover, Ramzi Yousef, a key opera­ Downloaded by [University of Defence] at 20:46 19 May 2016 tive in the Bojinka planning, was also linked to the first attempt to destroy the World Trade Center in 1993. The Bojinka linkage to 9111 demonstrated that Southeast Asia had played an important role in the attacks in the United States. But it would not be the only connection. A subsequent U.S. congressional investigation revealed that Malaysia had also played an unwitting although important role in the 9/11 attacks. 2 Two of the principal hijackers, Khalid al-Mihdhar and Nawaf al­ Hazmi, had participated in a meeting in early January 2000 in Malaysia, which also involved another man, Khallad bin Atash, who was linked to the ix x INTRODUCTION bombing of the USS Cole in October 2000. Later, al-Mihdhar and al-Hazmi would board an international flight from Bangkok, Thailand, to Los Angeles, where they entered the United States unhindered. On September 11, 2001, the two men would later board American Airlines Flight 77 and crash it into the Pentagon. Within weeks of the 9/11 attacks, international media sources began to report that Washington had declared Southeast Asia to be the "second front" in the global war on terrorism, although U.S. officials have tended to resist such a characterization. 3 Nevertheless, the perception of Southeast Asia as a "second front" largely stemmed from the initial U.S. focus on the Philip­ pines. In particular, the United States sought to counter the Abu Sayyaf Group, which had been waging a guerrilla war and conducting terrorist attacks­ including kidnappings-against the government for years and was known for its extreme violence. In December 2001, attention turned to another group, previously unknown to most governments in the region. Known as Jemaah Islamiya, the organization was implicated in a plot to bomb Singapore gov­ ernment and Western targets in Singapore, including military targets con­ nected with the United States. Singapore's Internal Security Department (ISD) arrested fifteen people in relation to the plot, thirteen of whom were alleged to be members