DIRECTION DES ETUDES ET DES SERVICES ACADEMIQUES MEMOIRE DE FIN D’ETUDE D’INGENIEUR DE L’ EQUIPEMENT RURAL Présenté par : Landry TCHEGNONSI Thème : Etude des huiles végétales comme bio carburant Use of vegetable oils as biofuel MEMBRES DU JURY 1. Pr. Yézouma COULIBALY Président UTER Génie Energétique 2. Dr. Francis FORSON Encadreur et Industriel 3. Joel BLIN Membre 4. Susan STRAND Membre Use of vegetable o ils as biofuels – GEE / KNUST LIST OF CONTENT LIST OF TABLES ................................ ................................ ................................ ... 3 LIST OF FIGURES ................................ ................................ ................................ .4 LIST OF PHO TOS ................................ ................................ ................................ .. 5 ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS ................................ ................................ ......... 6 ABSTRACT ................................ ................................ ................................ ........... 7 RESUMÉ ................................ ................................ ................................ ............... 8 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................ ................................ ......................... 9 DEDICATION ................................ ................................ ................................ ...... 10 CHAPTER 1 – GENERAL INTRODUCTION ................................ ............................. 11 1. Background ................................ ................................ ................................ 11 2. Scope and objectives ................................ ................................ ................... 12 3. Justification of st udy ................................ ................................ .................... 12 4. Methodology ................................ ................................ ................................ 12 5. Presentation of KNUST ................................ ................................ ................. 12 6. Organiza tion of the report ................................ ................................ ............ 13 CHAPTER 2 – LITERATURE REVIEW ................................ ................................ .... 14 1. Fuel properties for diesel engines ................................ ................................ .. 14 2. Previous works about the use of biofuel in diesel engines ............................... 15 a. Straight vegetable oil as fuel source ................................ ........................... 16 b. Vegetable Oil, Diesel Blends as Potential Fuel Sources ................................ 20 c. Conclusion ................................ ................................ ............................... 22 3. Facts about some vegetable oils ................................ ................................ ... 23 a. Cotton oil ................................ ................................ ................................ 23 b. Sunflower oil ................................ ................................ ............................ 23 c. Coconut oil ................................ ................................ ............................... 24 d. Peanut oil ................................ ................................ ................................ 25 Project report by Landry Tchegnonsi – June 2006 1 Use of vegetable o ils as biofuels – GEE / KNUST CHAPTER 3 - EXPERIMENTAL PROCESS AND THEORY ................................ .......... 27 1. Intr oduction ................................ ................................ ................................ 27 2. Physical and chemical properties ................................ ................................ ... 27 a. Viscosity ................................ ................................ ................................ ... 27 b. Calorific value ................................ ................................ ........................... 29 c. Density ................................ ................................ ................................ .... 31 3. Engine performance tests ................................ ................................ ............. 32 a. Torque (T ) ................................ ................................ .............................. 33 b. Brake power (bp) ................................ ................................ ..................... 34 c. Mass flow rate (Mf) ................................ ................................ ................... 34 d. Specific fuel consumption (Sfc) ................................ ................................ .. 35 e. Brake thermal efficiency ( b)................................ ................................ ..... 35 CHAPTER 4 – RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS ................................ ......................... 36 1. Introduction ................................ ................................ ................................ 36 2. Physical and chemical properties ................................ ................................ ... 36 a. Kinemati c viscosity results ................................ ................................ ......... 36 b. Calorific value results ................................ ................................ ................ 39 c. Density results ................................ ................................ .......................... 40 d. Conclusion ................................ ................................ ............................... 41 3. Engine performance test ................................ ................................ .............. 42 4. Economic performance ................................ ................................ ................. 47 CHAPTER 5 - CONCLUSION AND RECOMMANDATIONS ................................ ......... 48 APPENDIX A – REFERENCE ................................ ................................ ................. 50 APPENDIX B – RESULTS OF THE CALOR IFIC VALUE TEST ................................ ..... 52 APPENDIX C – RESULTS OF THE ENGINE PERFORMANCE TESTS .......................... 55 APPENDIX D – BIODIESEL VERSUS SVO ................................ .............................. 58 Project report by Landry Tchegnonsi – June 2006 2 Use of vegetable o ils as biofuels – GEE / KNUST LIST OF TABLES Table 1: Vegetable oils yields ................................ ................................ .............. 26 Table 2: Kinematic viscosity results in centistokes ................................ ................. 38 Table 3: Calorific value results ................................ ................................ ............. 40 Table 4: Density results ................................ ................................ ...................... 41 Table 5: Sum mary of physical and chemical properties tests ................................ 41 Table 6: Cost in Ghana as April 25th, 2006 ................................ ........................... 47 Table 7: Cost in Burkina Faso as June 13th, 2006 ................................ ................. 47 Table 8: Calorific value results - 100% Diesel fuel ................................ ................ 52 Table 9: Calorific value results - Blend of cotton oi l (10%) and diesel (90%) .......... 52 Table 10: Calorific value results - Blend of sunflower oil (10%) and diesel (90%) ... 53 Table 11: Calor ific value results - Blend of coconut oil (10%) and diesel (90%) ...... 53 Table 12: Calorific value results - Blend of peanut oil (10%) and diesel (90%) ....... 54 Table 13: Engine performance parameters - 100% Diesel oil ................................ 55 Table 14: Engine performance parameters - blend of cotton oil (10%) and diesel (90%) ................................ ................................ ................................ ................ 55 Table 15: Engine performance parameters - blend of sunflower oil (10%) and diesel (90%) ................................ ................................ ................................ ................ 56 Table 16: Engine performance parameters - blend of coconut oil (10%) and diesel (90%) ................................ ................................ ................................ ................ 56 Table 17: Engine performance parameters - blend of peanut oil (10%) and diesel (90%) ................................ ................................ ................................ ................ 57 Project report by Landry Tchegnonsi – June 2006 3 Use of vegetable o ils as biofuels – GEE / KNUST LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: Diagram of a bomb calorimeter ................................ ............................. 29 Figure 2: Variation of kinematic viscosity with temperature for the SVO ................. 37 Figure 3: Variation of the kinematic viscosity with temperature for the blends ........ 38 Figure 4: Calorific value - Variation of temperature with time ................................ 39 Figure 5: Graph of thermal efficiency against torque ................................ ............. 42 Figure 6: Graph of thermal efficiency against brake power ................................ .... 43 Figure 7: Graph of brake power against torque ................................ .................... 44 Figure 8: Graph of mass flow rate against torque ................................ ................. 45 Figure 9: Graph of specific fuel consumption against torque ................................ .. 46 Project report by Landry Tchegnonsi – June 2006