UNIVERSITY SALZBURG CATHOLIC FACULTY OF THEOLOGY DOMESTIC VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN IN TANZANIA; THE CONTRIBUTION OF MORAL THEOLOGY TO ENCOUNTER THE CHALLENGE Dissertation Submitted to the Catholic Theology Faculty of Paris Lodron University Salzburg in partial fulfillment of the Requirements for the degree of Doctor of Theology By Mag. Ewald Kilasara Moderator: Univ. Prof. Dr. Angelika Walser Department of Moral Theology Salzburg 2018 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Acknowledgement is really not a simple task because it cannot include all the names of the people that have accompanied and supported me to this end. However it is beyond doubt that this achievement went through a long journey with the help of so many people. But first and foremost my great thanks to the Almighty God creator of heaven and earth for the gift of life, strength and his guidance throughout my studies and life in general. I would like to thank in a special way my Bishop Rogath Kimaryo Cssp, the bishop of the Catholic Diocese of Same, for encouraging me to pursue the higher studies. I thank him for his trust in me that I can move ahead for further studies in Austria. His support in all matters has led me to this achievement. I am grateful to my Diocesan priests, sisters, brothers and the laity whose love and care always encouraged me throughout my ministry and especially in my studies. I thank in a special way the Archdiocese of Salzburg which made my study a reality. I sincerely thank Rt. Rev. Dr. Franz Lackner, the Archbishop of Salzburg, Mag. Tobias Giglmayr the Rector of the “Priesterseminar” Salzburg, the entire community of the “Priesterseminar”, for their generosity, brotherly care and support. I am truly blessed in being able to finish this work with my moderator Prof. Dr. Angelika Walser, who guided me through. I really appreciate the time and strength, the patience and wisdom she dedicated in accompanying me till the end. Grateful are my hearts for her motherly guidance and support. My sincere gratitude go to Prof. DDr. Gmainer Pranzl for his encouragement and challenging advice. More thanks to Dr. Andreas Weiss, who willingly and patiently read the manuscript and advised me where corrections were needed. Thanks are equally due to all Professors at the University Salzburg and all the staff. My sincere thanks go to Fr. Prelate Martin Walchhofer who willingly and patiently encouraged me to devote a lot of time in my studies so as to finish it on time. Furthermore, a vote of thanks go to all those who have in one way or another contributed financially, ideally and materially to the success of this work. I thank in a special way my parents Elisei Basil Mtui and Elionora Thomas Morewa as well as my brothers and sisters for their loving and parental care. Last but not least, I thank all my friends and all people of good will who I encountered during my stay in Austria. I again say “Danke” und “Vergelt’s Gott”! The Almighty God bless you all. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ......................................................................................................... ii TABLE .......................................................................................................................................... iii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ................................................................................................... viii GENERAL INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1 TANZANIA AND VIOLENCE Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 8 PART I THE GENERAL BACKGROUND AND THE HISTORICAL SITUATION OF TANZANIA ............................................................................................................................ 10 Tanzania and her life history ......................................................................................................... 10 PART II THE MEANING OF VIOLENCE AND ITS CHALLENGES TO THE SOCIETY ................... 23 Conclusion .................................................................................................................................... 34 CHAPTER 2 THE HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT OF HUMAN RIGHTS IN TANZANIA Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 36 2.1 Meaning of human rights ........................................................................................................ 36 2.2 Pre and Post-colonial struggle for Human Rights in Tanzania ............................................... 39 2.3 The Constitution of Tanzania and the defense of human rights ............................................. 41 2.3.1 The Constitution of Tanzania and women rights ................................................................. 44 2.3.2 Women position in the government of Tanzania ................................................................. 46 2.4 Non-governmental organizations on human rights ................................................................. 49 2.5 The neglected areas of violence against women and girls in Tanzania .................................. 52 2.5.1 Female Genital Mutilation ................................................................................................... 54 2.5.2 Rape of women and girls ..................................................................................................... 55 2.6 The reality of domestic violence in Tanzania ......................................................................... 56 iii 2.6.1 Right to bodily integrity ....................................................................................................... 57 2.6.2 The Right to Employment .................................................................................................... 58 2.6.3 Mobility and assembly rights for women ............................................................................ 59 2.6.4 Reproductive rights .............................................................................................................. 60 2.6.5 Marriage rights ..................................................................................................................... 61 2.6.6 The theological understanding of women rights .................................................................. 62 Conclusion .................................................................................................................................... 64 CHAPTER 3 GENERAL CAUSES FOR DOMESTIC VIOLENCE IN TANZANIA Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 66 3.1 The nature of domestic violence ............................................................................................. 67 3.2 Cultural causes ........................................................................................................................ 67 3.2.1 Bad cultural elements ........................................................................................................... 68 3.2.2 Patriarchy system and Culture ............................................................................................. 69 3.2.3 Polygamy as an influence of culture .................................................................................... 71 3.3 Biological causes .................................................................................................................... 72 3.4 Inherited Traits ........................................................................................................................ 76 3.5 Economic causes ..................................................................................................................... 78 3.6 The failure of law .................................................................................................................... 80 3.7 Historical-religious causes ...................................................................................................... 86 3.8 Political causes ........................................................................................................................ 90 3.9 Environment causes ................................................................................................................ 91 Conclusion .................................................................................................................................... 93 CHAPTER 4 CONTRIBUTIVE FACTORS FOR THE DAILY TODAY VIOLENT LIFE IN THE TANZANIAN FAMILIES Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 94 4.1 Meaning of family................................................................................................................... 95 iv 4.2 Lack of money, Poverty and Stress ......................................................................................... 96 4.3 Alcoholism and Drug abuse .................................................................................................. 100 4.4 Bride price/Dowry ................................................................................................................ 105 4.5 Rape within marriage ...........................................................................................................