CULTURAL RESILIENCE: PHYSICAL ARTIFACTS, INTANGIBLE ATTRIBUTES, NATURAL RISKS Thirteenth Interdisciplinary Conference of the University Network of the European Capitals of Culture Hosted by University of Basilicata, Matera PROCEEDINGS MATERA, ITALY, 28-29 NOVEMBER 2019 UNEECC FORUM VOLUME 12. Editors: OVIDIU MATIU GLEN FARRUGIA ISSN 2068-2123 1 Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu Press, 2020 The editors and publisher of this volume take no responsibility as to the content of the contributors. 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS Glen FARRUGIA, Ovidiu MATIU: Introduction: Cultural Invention and Inheritance in the Context of ECoCs . 5 William CHAMBERS: Liverpool 2008 World Heritage Site(s): To Keep or To Lose?. 7 Attila MAKAI, Zsuzsanna PUPP, László Imre KOMLÓSI: Socio-economic and Cultural Impact of the Entrepreneurial University. 23 Bálint FERENCZY, Miklós SZERDAHELYI, László Imre KOMLÓSI: The Institutionalization of Cultural Capital in the Light of Artist Behaviour: Two Socio-economic Models for Measuring Cultural Values and Cultural Impact. 31 Zachary M. JONES, Davide PONZINI: Mega-events in Heritage-rich Cities: The HOMEE Research Project . 41 Daniela CARLUCCI, Rosaria LAGRUTTA, Francesco SANTARSIERO: Evaluating the Impact of Co-creating Major Cultural Projects with Citizens in an ECOC Setting . 55 Judit PÁSZTOR, Szilvia KÁNTOR: Connection between Culture Consumption, Leisure Activities and Cultural Intelligence (CQ) . 67 Ciriaca CORETTI: The Staging of Memory. The Rhetoric of Representation. Matera European Capital of Culture 2019: A Case Study. 83 Alberto CERVESATO: Architecture and Territory. The Resilience of Fragile Italy . 95 Antonella SANTORO: Tangible and Intangible Heritage in the Post-event Evaluation of Matera ECoC 2019.A Study on the Relationships between Cultural Policies and Urban Space Use. 103 Stefano D’ARMENTO: Peripheral Territories of Tourism. 111 Marialucia CAMARDELLI, Giovanna COSTANZA, Miriam PEPE, Mariavaleria MININNI: Ordinary and Extraordinary Governance of Matera ECoC 2019: Process Evaluation and the Events Impact on Space. 131 Kristina JACOBSEN: Eight Cities, One goal: The Application Process of German Cities as ECoC 2025. 141 Notes on Contributors. 149 3 4 Introduction – Cultural Resilience in the context of ECOCs Glen Farrugia University of Malta and Triagon Academy Ovidiu Matiu Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu The Context Cultural resilience may be defined as the ability of cultural systems, which involve processes and procedures in different communities, and which are able to address threats and weaknesses, embrace sustainable transformation and turn such components into an opportunity to continue developing. In this respect, the concept of cultural resilience draws from a series of important elements which, on the one hand has continuity, and on the other transformation as its central components. A community which is culturally resilient often takes advantage of what may be seen as negative elements, such as political instability, health risks and wellbeing and turns this into a counteracting tool to reinforce cultural sustainability.1 The 13th Interdisciplinary conference of the University Network for the European Capitals of Culture (UNeECC) draws from the concept of Cultural Resilience in the context of Matera 2019. “UNEECC is an organisation made up of a number of Higher Education Institution within the European Union which contributes toward the ‘recognition of the role of European universities in ensuring the success of cities designated with the title of European Capitals of Culture’ (UNECC 2018). Such contribution may occur in various forms and as stipulated by the foundation or organisation entrusted with the management of the ECOC title. In its Guidelines for the cities’ own evaluation of the results of their ECOC, the European Commission (2018), indicates how designated cities may collaborate with local universities to gather and process the necessary data so as to obtain key indications on the impacts specific activities organised by the ECOCs are affecting key stakeholders (e.g. the general public, public cultural organisations, and cultural entrepreneurs among others). While the majority of ECOCs’ do involve local academics and universities, the reality with regard to other designated cities may be completely different. Through its members, UNeECC has been regularly taking stock of these synergies and presents the results as case studies during its yearly conference”.2 The UNeECC Matera Conference This publication is the outcome of the UNeECC annual conference which was held in Matera, Italy in November 2019, just a couple of months before the country was heavily 1 Thiele, L. P. Sustainability. 2nd ed. Cambridge, UK: Polity Press, 2016. 2 Farrugia, Glen. “IntroduCtion: Cultural Invention and InheritanCe in the Context oF ECOCs.” Edited by Ovidiu Matiu and Glen Farrugia. UNeECC Forum. Culture: Invented or Inherited. 11 (2019): 5–10, p. 5. 5 struck by the Covid-19 pandemic. There were twenty-one papers delivered over three plenary sessions, eleven of which have been selected to be part of this volume of conference proceedings along with an invited paper. The topics discussed in this publication range from urban regeneration to “touristification”, from community involvement to politics. The methods employed by the authors, particularly those which draw from systematic evaluation and monitoring of ECoC projects and events provide a useful platform for discussion for the cities that are going to be designated as European Capitals of Culture in the future. 6 Liverpool 2008 World Heritage Site(s): To Keep or To Lose? Professor William Chambers Liverpool Hope University, United Kingdom Abstract Liverpool Mercantile Maritime City is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. It is ‘in danger’ and threatened with deletion from the UNESCO list of sites because of its 21st century culture- lead renaissance and its impact on the heritage environment of the city. The Liverpool World Heritage site is 136 hectares in area and contains 380 protected buildings. It comprises six sections and a buffer zone surrounding these sites. Growth, decline and renaissance describe Liverpool over the last 4 centuries. Its heritage is based upon the wealth, philanthropy and civic pride resulting from its pre- eminence in the 19th century as the 2nd city and port of the British Empire. This produced an impressive variety of buildings and institutions. In the 20th century it declined in importance as a result of the decline of the British Empire and Britain’s position in the world, the growing importance of Europe and general post-industrial decline. This lead to redundant and derelict urban and port landscapes (and opportunities?) and a continuation of the relative economic and social disadvantage which was associated with much the 19th century growth. In the late 20th and early 21st centuries a culture and tourist lead renaissance stimulated by European social, regional and cultural funding and Liverpool’s designation as a European City of Culture in 2008 lead to a rediscovery of civic pride and large scale investment and development. This lead to the current crisis as much of the development put the World Heritage status at risk. The socialist council was presented with the dilemma of conservation or development or combining the two approaches through a period of local and global austerity Key words: Liverpool - UNESCO - World Heritage – development – conservation 1. Liverpool Liverpool’s modern era history can be described by the three words: Growth, Decline and Renaissance. By the 17th, 18th and 19th centuries it had grown to be the second city and port of the British Empire. As a result, today it has international links, an urban infrastructure, heritage buildings and social and cultural institutions dating from this period. Its peak population was 867,000 reached in 1937. The early to late 20th century was characterised by the First and Second World Wars, dereliction and decline. As a result, in 1985 Parkinson wrote ‘Liverpool on the Brink’ (1985) where he described the 1982 civil unrest, 30% unemployment, the rise of the politically extreme left Militant Tendency, post- industrial decline, the gradual abandonment of the docks and poor labour relations. Apart from the Mersey Sound musical era of the 1960s (the Beatles, Gerry and the Pacemakers, The Searchers) the city declined and by the start of the new 7 millennium (2001) its population had declined to 530,000 and morale and reputation had reached an all-time low. Figure 1. Liverpool, Ireland and Europe The early part of the 21st century was marked by a significant improvement, described by Parkinson (2019) as ‘Liverpool Beyond the Brink: The Remaking of a Post Imperial City.’ This heralded the rise and renaissance of the city, a period in which it remains, with contributions from the EU, the blond Conservative politician Michael Heseltine, the Merseyside Development Corporation, the International Garden Festival (1984), its designation as a UNESCO World Heritage Site (2004), the designation of Liverpool as 2008 European Capital of Culture, the growth of culture, tourism and the visitor economy and the rebirth of Liverpool Football Club as European Champions. By 2015 the population of the city had grown to 565,000. Things had improved but the city remained characterised by gross social and economic inequalities. For many Liverpudlians the last twenty years have been a period of great excitement, increased pride, confidence and renaissance, much of this fuelled by international