Harbours to Highlands A Geography Manual © 2003 Shelburne Historical Society P.O. Box 39 Shelburne, NS B0T 1W0 Except where noted, all stories were written by Lisette Jones, Tina Nickerson, and Simone Meuse. Exercises designed by Lisette Jones. Final Editor: Cathy d’Entremont Front Cover design and illustrations throughout by Simone Meuse with the exception of the drawing done by Jacob Jones, age 5. © 2003 Shelburne Historical Society P.O. Box 39 Shelburne, NS B0T 1W0 Except where noted, all stories were written by Lisette Jones, Tina Nickerson, and Simone Meuse. Exercises designed by Lisette Jones. Final Editor: Cathy d'Entremont Front Cover design and illustrations throughout by Simone Meuse with the exception of the drawing done by Jacob Jones, age 5. Our sincere thanks to the National Literacy Secretariat for providing funding for this project. Acknowledgements There are many people and organizations to thank for their assistance with the production of this manual. A special thank you to our team of experts who graciously assisted with the factual accuracy of this manual. They are: Dr. Robert McCala, Professor of Geography, Saint Mary's University; Dr. Deborah Stiles, Assistant Professor, Humanities, Department of Business and Social Sciences, Nova Scotia Agricultural College; Dr. Gordon Brewster, Associate Professor (Soil Science), Department of Environmental Sciences, Nova Scotia Agricultural College; Dr. Martin Willison, Professor of biology and environmental studies, Dalhousie University; Professor Ray Côté, Director of the Eco-Efficiency Centre and Professor of Environmental Studies, Dalhousie University; Murdock Forsythe, retired teacher, Barrington Municipal High School; and Georgia Ross, teacher, Forest Ridge Academy. Thanks to those who allowed us to interview them: Emre Uzun, Marie Hopkins, Greg Kirouac, Danielle Kuffner, Charles Alleyne, Amberley McDonell, and Toby Jones. A huge thank you to Meredith Hutchings, NS Department of Education, Skills and Learning Branch, Adult Education Division, for her guidance and input; Cathy d'Entremont for her wonderful editing; Open for Business for many services too numerous to mention; the Canadian Nature Federation for giving us permission to use their Plant Watch Program information; the Nova Scotia Department of Tourism and Culture for their very kind and generous donation of the Nova Scotia touring maps. Finally, a big thank you to the learners who submitted stories and the learner/instructor teams who tested our material. To anyone we may have overlooked, and to those who did not wish to be acknowledged, we extend our appreciation and gratitude. Introduction On this cold, rainy, June day on the South Shore of Nova Scot ia, and after one of the worse winters in a long time, my mind is on the topic of weather. Weather affects us daily – when to plan special outings, when to plant without the risk of frost, when to be extra careful when traveling. Understanding weather and climates is an important aspect of geography. Knowing the physical geography of the world is also essential. Every time you turn on the TV or radio or pick up a newspaper, you hear of events happening in other places. By looking on a map, globe, or atlas, we are broadening our knowledge and opening our eyes. Harbours to Highlands gives learners an opportunity to learn about many aspects of geography – from the early map-makers to the depletion of the ozone layer to the planets in our solar system. The stories in Harbours to Highlands are written using language and structure appropriate to Level 1 and 2 of the Nova Scotia Academic Upgrading Curriculum. Most stories have two versions – the first versions contain more detailed information while the second versions, appearing under different titles, are much simpler and meant for lower level learners. The stories are accompanied by questions and exercises to strengthen grammar, comprehension, and math skills. The editors urge tutors and learners to adapt or enhance exercises to meet their needs. An answer key is provided in a separate section toward the back of the manual. If copies of the material are required, tutors and learners are encouraged to photocopy as necessary. We hope you find Harbours to Highlands useful in meeting your educational goals. Harbours to Highlands A Geography Manual Table of Contents Physical Geography What is Geography used for and what is a geographer? Trivia Question Comprehension Exercise What do Geographers do? Geography Then and Now Comprehension Questions Reading Between the Lines Trivia Question Plurals Geography Our Country -- Canada Exercise The World – Its Continents and Oceans Comprehension Questions Lexicon Physical Regions of Canada Comprehension Exercise Capitalization Exercise Trivia Question Supplementary Exercise To the Top of the Mountain Comprehension Questions Trivia Question Reading Between the Lines Spelling Mountains Beautiful Valleys Comprehension Questions Reading Between the Lines Trivia Question B,P,G, or D Long Vowel Sounds Valleys Canada's Rocks Comprehension Questions Reading Between the Lines Trivia Question Suffixes Rocks Glaciers – Large Bodies of Ice Comprehension Questions Reading Between the Lines Trivia Question Common Bonds Glaciers Let's Anchor in the Harbour Comprehension Questions Reading Between the Lines Trivia Question Matching Harbours Nova Scotia's Famous Canal Comprehension Questions Trivia Question Interrogative Statements Nova Scotia Comprehension Questions Reading Between the Lines Trivia Question Counties of Nova Scotia Nova Scotia Facts The Gambia in West Africa (Interview) Comprehension Questions Comparison Exercise Life in Regina, Saskatchewan (Interview) Comprehension Questions Reading Between the Lines Substitutions Life in the Aspen Parklands, Saskatchewan (Interview) Comprehension Questions Reading Between the Lines Changes to Swim's Point (Learner written) Cape Sable Island Causeway (Learner written) Drowned Forest (Learner written) Plant Science All About Soil Comprehension Questions Reading Between the Lines Trivia Question True or False Soil PEI Soil Comprehension Questions Reading Between the Lines Trivia Question Plurals Long "E" Sound Nova Scotia's Provincial Berry Comprehension Questions Reading Between the Lines Trivia Question Synonyms Antonyms Math Blueberries Nova Scotia's Tasty Treat Comprehension Questions Reading Between the Lines Trivia Question Verbs Cranberries Great Grape Growing in Canada Comprehension Questions Reading Between the Lines Trivia Question Consonant Blends Vowels Grapes Nova Scotia's Provincial Flower Comprehension Questions Reading Between the Lines Trivia Question Sequencing Long "O" Sound Mayflower The Plant Watch Program Ragweed – Nova Scotia's Harmful Plant Comprehension Questions Reading Between the Lines Trivia Question Math Ragweed Organic Carrots in British Columbia (Interview) Comprehension Questions Reading Between the Lines Weather The Nova Scotia Climate Comprehension Questions Reading Between the Lines Trivia Question -ly ending Nova Scotia Weather Our Weather Comprehension Questions Reading Between the Lines Trivia Question Conversions Clues in the Clouds Comprehension Questions Reading Between the Lines Trivia Question Word Search Clouds All About Wind Comprehension Questions Reading Between the Lines Trivia Question Antonyms Wind The Canadian Chinook Comprehension Questions Reading Between the Lines Trivia Question Spelling Chinooks What is Acid Rain? Comprehension Questions Reading Between the Lines Trivia Question Paragraphs Acid Rain Natural Occurrences Some of the World's Natural Disasters Comprehension Exercise Trivia Question -er and -est endings Natural Disasters Canadian Earthquakes Comprehension Exercise Reading Between the Lines Trivia Question Interview with Emre Uzun What is Erosion? Comprehension Questions Reading Between the Lines Trivia Question Compound Words Erosion The 1998 Ice Storm Comprehension Questions Reading Between the Lines Trivia Question Consonant Blends Maps and More A Short History of Maps Comprehension Questions Reading Between the Lines Map Reading Exercise Supplementary Exercise How to Use a Compass Comprehension Exercise Reading Between the Lines Trivia Question Prior Knowledge Exercise Lines of Longitude and Latitude Comprehension Questions Reading Between the Lines Trivia Question Rhyming Hard C Earth and Pollution Comprehension Questions Reading Between the Lines Trivia Question Synonyms Long Vowel Sounds Pollution How the World Became "on Time" Comprehension Questions Reading Between the Lines Trivia Question Time Zone Conversions Extra Challenge Underground The Earth's Interior Comprehension Questions Reading Between the Lines Trivia Question -ing ending Long "i" sound What is the Earth made of? How Coal is Formed Comprehension Questions Reading Between the Lines Trivia Question Adjectives Coal Fossils in Nova Scotia Comprehension Questions Reading Between the Lines Trivia Question Crossword Puzzle Fossils A Maritime Tin Mine Comprehension Questions Reading Between the Lines Trivia Question Root Words Tin Mine Offshore Oil and Gas Industry (Interview) Comprehension Questions Reading Between the Lines Water, Water, Everywhere Looking Under the Ocean Comprehension Questions Reading Between the Lines Trivia Question Substitutions Ocean Currents – Atlantic Canada Comprehension Questions Reading Between the Lines Trivia Question Hard C Verbs Ocean Currents Nova Scotia: Home of the World's Highest Tides Comprehension Questions Reading Between the Lines Trivia Question Math Conversions