Table of Contents General Description of the Passumpsic River Watershed................................................... 1 Uses, Values, Special Features of the Passumpsic Watershed.......................................... 2 Waterfalls, Cascades, Gorges, and Swimming Holes...................................................... 2 Significant Natural Communities...................................................................................... 2 Public Lands and Private Conservation Land in the Basin .............................................. 2 Water Quality/Aquatic Habitat Assessment Basinwide........................................................ 3 Introduction...................................................................................................................... 3 Overall Assessment of Lake, Pond, River, Stream Uses................................................. 4 Assessment of Cause and Sources affecting River, Stream, Lake, Pond Uses .............. 5 Passumpsic River up to the Branches and some tributaries ............................................... 7 Description....................................................................................................................... 7 Sampling Results and Assessment Information .............................................................. 8 River and Stream Assessment Summary ...................................................................... 12 Lakes and Ponds........................................................................................................... 13 Joes Brook and Tributaries ............................................................................................... 15 Description.....................................................................................................................15 Uses, Values, Special Features and Designations ........................................................ 15 Sampling Results and Assessment Information ............................................................ 17 River and Stream Assessment Summary ...................................................................... 18 Lakes and Ponds........................................................................................................... 18 Sleepers River and tributaries ........................................................................................... 21 Description.....................................................................................................................21 Uses, Values, Special Features and Designations ........................................................ 22 Sampling Results and Assessment Information ............................................................ 22 River and Stream Assessment Summary ...................................................................... 25 Millers Run and tributaries................................................................................................. 27 Description.....................................................................................................................27 Uses, Values, Special Features and Designations ........................................................ 27 Sampling Results and Assessment Information ............................................................ 27 River and Stream Assessment Summary ...................................................................... 28 Lakes and Ponds........................................................................................................... 28 West Branch Passumpsic River and tributaries ................................................................ 30 Description.....................................................................................................................30 Uses, Values, Special Features and Designations ........................................................ 30 Sampling Results and Assessment Information ............................................................ 32 River and Stream Assessment Summary ...................................................................... 34 Lakes and Ponds........................................................................................................... 34 East Branch Passumpsic River and tributaries ................................................................. 36 Description.....................................................................................................................36 Uses, Values, Special Features and Designations ........................................................ 37 Sampling Results and Assessment Information ............................................................ 38 River and Stream Assessment Summary ...................................................................... 40 Lakes and Ponds........................................................................................................... 40 Moose River and tributaries .............................................................................................. 42 Description.....................................................................................................................42 Uses, Values, Special Features and Designations ........................................................ 42 __________________________________________________________________ 2 River Sampling Results and Assessment Information ................................................... 43 River Assessment Summary ......................................................................................... 47 Lakes and Ponds........................................................................................................... 47 References........................................................................................................................ 48 Appendix A: Population and Housing Data ....................................................................... 49 Population Data for Watershed Towns .......................................................................... 49 Housing Data for Watershed Towns.............................................................................. 50 Appendix B: Dams in the Passumpsic River Watershed ................................................... 51 __________________________________________________________________ 3 General Description of the Passumpsic River Watershed The Passumpsic River watershed is located in northeastern Vermont and drains 507 square miles, a major portion of Caledonia County and minor portions of Essex, Orleans and Washington counties. The watershed is largely forested (see table below). The Passumpsic River mainstem forms where the East Branch and West Branch join just northeast of Lyndonville and flows about 23 miles north to south until it reaches the Connecticut River in East Barnet. The East Branch originates in the town of Brighton and flows south-southwesterly for about 19 ½ miles draining a 65-square-mile watershed before meeting the West Branch. The West Branch originates with several tributaries in the town of Westmore and it flows south-southeasterly for about 14 miles before joining the East Branch. The West Branch drains a 68-square-mile watershed. The discharge of the Passumpsic River varies significantly from season to season and month to month. Information from a USGS gaging station below Passumpsic village and between the years 1929 to 1997, showed the mean monthly discharge has been as low as 340 cubic feet per second (cfs) in August to 2269 cfs in April. A peak flood flow during the 1929-1997 period occurred on July 1, 1973 when the river’s discharge reached 18,200 cfs! Substantial tributaries to the Passumpsic River include: Millers Run, which makes its way from Sheffield for 12 miles to the Passumpsic, draining a 45.5-square-mile watershed; the Moose River, which flows from the mountains in East Haven for 30 miles draining 126.5 square miles; the Sleepers River, which flows east from North Danville for 11 miles draining 44 square miles; and Joes Brook originating in Walden and flowing 20 miles, not including the length of Joes Pond, which is an impoundment of the brook in West Danville. Joes Brook watershed is approximately 52 square miles. Table 1. Land Use and Land Cover for the Passumpsic River watershed1 Land Use Acres % of Total Forested 250,375.7 77.0 Agriculture 33,746.0 10.4 Transportation 13,711.5 4.2 Surface Water 12,507.7 3.8 Wetlands 11,194.2 3.4 Developed Land2 3,369.1 1.0 Old Field & Barren 133.7 0.0 Total: 325,037.9 99.8 1 Vermont Land Cover Classification Project, 1997 (based on satellite photographs from 1991 - 1993). 2 Developed land = residential, commercial, industrial but not transportation, which is listed separately __________________________________________________________________ 1 Uses, Values, Special Features of the Passumpsic Watershed Waterfalls, Cascades, Gorges, and Swimming Holes For a fairly large watershed, there were only two waterfalls and cascades identified in the 1986 Waterfalls, Cascades, and Gorges Report (WC&G) and only four swimming holes in the 1992 Vermont Swimming Hole Study. The falls identified included Emerson Falls on the lower end of the Sleepers River, which was developed for hydroelectric power after WC&G was written. In addition, a series of cascades and pools were identified on Mill Brook in East Haven on a small stream. The Mill Brook site is used for shallow bathing and fishing. During an exploration of the watershed, other falls or cascades were