TOWARDS AN INTEGRATED MANAGEMENT OF THE LOWER GRIJALVA RIVER (MEXICO) First phase: Controlling the flow and sediment discharge distribution at the bifurcation between the Samaria and Carrizal rivers Grijalva River - Mexico 1 Prof. Ir. J.J. Peters | VUB | Consultant - River specialist CHIAPAS Grijalva River - Mexico 2 Prof. Ir. J.J. Peters | VUB | Consultant - River specialist INTRODUCTION • The inundations in Villahermosa require an urgent solution • After the 1999 flood event, the authorities decided to: – Construct a weir in the rio Carrizal – Investigate effective (definitive?) solutions to control the inundations • Nonetheless, the scheme should be designed taking into account the potamological context (potamology = science of rivers, more general than fluvial hidraulics) Grijalva River - Mexico 3 Prof. Ir. J.J. Peters | VUB | Consultant - River specialist GRIJALVA USUMACINTA RIVER BASINS Average annual runoff in Mm3 Río Grijalva 36,493.883 36.9% Río Usumacinta 62,206.623 63.1% Total 98,700.506 Basin Río Grijalva Basin Río Usumacinta Areas in km2 Río/País México Guatemala Total por Ríos Grijalva 52,348.08 5,610.00 57,958.08 Usumacinta 30,627.98 44,373.81 75,001.79 Total por paises 82,976.05 49,983.81 132,959.87 Total de totales Grijalva River - Mexico 4 Prof. Ir. J.J. Peters | VUB | Consultant - River specialist POTAMOLOGICAL CONTEXT • The Grijalva river has the largest part of its basin in the Sierra Madre and enters its lower reach in the large coastal plain, before discharging in the Golf of Mexico • The last stretch is within an alluvial fan (delta) in which several branches have developed through time by avulsion (change of the river course) Grijalva River - Mexico 5 Prof. Ir. J.J. Peters | VUB | Consultant - River specialist BARRA DE SAN PEDRO BARRA DE SAN PEDRO BARRA DE SAN PEDRO BARRA DE FRONTERA BARRA DE FRONTERA BARRA DE FRONTERA BARRA DE FRONTERA BARRA DE BARRA DE TUPILCO TUPILCO TUPILCO BARRA DE DOS BOCAS BARRA DE DOS BOCAS BARRA DE DOS BOCAS Sta. Ma. de la FRONTERA FRONTERA BARRA DE CHILTEPEC Victoria BARRA DE CHILTEPEC BARRA DE CHILTEPEC PARAISO PARAISO PARAISO COMALCALCO COMALCALCO COMALCALCO Rio G r i j a l v a Rio G r i j a l v a NACAJUCA Rio G r i j a l v a JALPA JALPA NACAJUCA JALPA NACAJUCA CUNDUACAN R i o S e c o R i o S e c o R i o M e z c a l a p a CUNDUACAN CUNDUACAN CARDENAS Rio de la Sierra VILLAHERMOSA VILLAHERMOSA CARDENAS Rio de la Sierra CARDENAS Rio Carrizal Rio de la Sierra VILLAHERMOSA M e z c a l a p a ( San Juan Bautista ) M e z c a l a p a ( San Juan Bautista ) ( San Juan Bautista ) R i o R i o o Rio Viejo o Rio Viejo HUIMANGUILLO ROMPIDO DE HUIMANGUILLO NUEVA ZELANDIA HUIMANGUILLO ROMPIDO MANGA DE CLAVO TACOTALPA TACOTALPA Rio Teapa TACOTALPA Rio Teapa Rio Teapa Rio Tacotalpa Rio Tacotalpa TEAPA R i o M e z c a l a p a TEAPA R i o M e z c a l a p a TEAPA PICHUCALCO PICHUCALCO Rio Tacotalpa PICHUCALCO SIGLO XVI ROMPIDO DE NUEVA ZELANDIA - 1675 ROMPIDO MANGA DE CLAVO - 1881 BARRA DE SAN PEDRO BARRA DE SAN PEDRO BARRA DE SAN PEDRO BARRA DE FRONTERA BARRA DE FRONTERA BARRA DE FRONTERA BARRA DE BARRA DE BARRA DE TUPILCO TUPILCO TUPILCO BARRA DE DOS BOCAS BARRA DE DOS BOCAS BARRA DE DOS BOCAS FRONTERA FRONTERA FRONTERA BARRA DE CHILTEPEC BARRA DE CHILTEPEC BARRA DE CHILTEPEC PARAISO Rio Gonzalez PARAISO PARAISO Rio G r i j a l v a COMALCALCO COMALCALCO COMALCALCO Rio G r i j a l v a Rio G r i j a l v a Rio Cuxcuachapa Rio Cuxcuachapa JALPA NACAJUCA JALPA Rio Jalupa NACAJUCA JALPA NACAJUCA R i o S e c o R i o S e c o R i o S e c o CUNDUACAN Rio Chilapa Rio Medellin Rio Chilapilla CUNDUACAN CUNDUACAN Rio Cañas Rio Samaria VILLAHERMOSA VILLAHERMOSA Rio Carrizal VILLAHERMOSA Rio Carrizal CARDENAS Rio Carrizal ( San Juan Bautista ) CARDENAS Rio de la Sierra CARDENAS ( San Juan Bautista ) Rio de la Sierra M e z c a l a p a ( San Juan Bautista ) Rio de la Sierra R i o Rio Viejo o Rio Viejo Rio Viejo HUIMANGUILLO ROMPIDO DE HUIMANGUILLO HUIMANGUILLO LA PIGUA - 1904 ROMPIDO DE CAÑAS ROMPIDO DEL VELADERO ABIERTO EN 1952 CERRADO EN 1953 TACOTALPA TACOTALPA TACOTALPA Rio Teapa Rio Teapa Rio Teapa Rio Tacotalpa Rio Tacotalpa Rio Tacotalpa R i o M e z c a l a p a TEAPA R i o M e z c a l a p a TEAPA R i o M e z c a l a p a TEAPA PICHUCALCO ROMPIDOPICHUCALCO DE CAÑAS PICHUCALCO ROMPIDO DE LA PIGUA - 1904 1940 ROMPIDO DEL VELADERO - 1952 Grijalva River - Mexico 6 Prof. Ir. J.J. Peters | VUB | Consultant - River specialist Summary BARRA DE SAN PEDRO BARRA DE FRONTERA BARRA DE TUPILCO BARRA DE DOS BOCAS FRONTERA BARRA DE CHILTEPEC PARAISO Rio G r i j a l v a COMALCALCO Rio Cuxcuachapa JALPA NACAJUCA R i o S e c o CUNDUACAN Rio Chilapa Rio Medellin Rio Samaria Rio Chilapilla VILLAHERMOSA CARDENAS Rio Carrizal ( San Juan Bautista ) Rio de la Sierra Rio Viejo HUIMANGUILLO ROMPIDO DEL VELADERO ABIERTO EN 1952 CERRADO EN 1953 TACOTALPA Rio Teapa Rio Tacotalpa R i o M e z c a l a p a TEAPA PICHUCALCO Grijalva River - Mexico 7 Prof. Ir. J.J. Peters | VUB | Consultant - River specialist Grijalva River - Mexico 8 Prof. Ir. J.J. Peters | VUB | Consultant - River specialist Grijalva River - Mexico 9 Prof. Ir. J.J. Peters | VUB | Consultant - River specialist Grijalva River - Mexico 10 Prof. Ir. J.J. Peters | VUB | Consultant - River specialist Peñitas Chicoasén Malpaso Angostura Grijalva River - Mexico 11 Prof. Ir. J.J. Peters | VUB | Consultant - River specialist SCHEME OF DAMS ON THE RÍO GRIJALVA Profile of the río Grijalva (msnm) The rio Grijalva runoff, during 500 floods, were much larger before the construction of the dams. In 1963, discharges 400 over 8 000 m3/s were observed at the hydrometric station of Peñitas. 300 200 100 Grijalva River - Mexico 12 Prof. Ir. J.J. Peters | VUB | Consultant - River specialist SCHEME OF DAMS ON THE RÍO GRIJALVA CAPACITY (In millions cubic meters) 14,000 (For flood regulation) 3,460 (msnm) 500 The Malpaso dam was built to regulate the flood events. 400 300 MALPASO (1964) 200 188.0 * 182.5 ** 100 *Maximum extraordinary flood level (NAME) Grijalva* R* iMaximumver - Mexi coperationo 1 3flood level (NAMO) Prof. Ir. J.J. Peters | VUB | Consultant - River specialist SCHEME OF DAMS ON THE RÍO GRIJALVA CAPACITY (In millions cubic meters) 14,000 (For flood regulation) 3,460 (msnm) Discharges reduced with 500 regLual aptrieosna b My athlpea rseos seervoir, nocnoenthsetrleusysó, coopne rlation of spilway was needed in finalidad de regular 400 196la9s, 1a9v7e0n iyd a1s9.73, before MALPASO construction of Angostura. 300 MALPASO (1964) 200 188.0 * 182.5 ** 100 *Maximum extraordinary flood level (NAME) Grijalva* R* iMaximumver - Mexi coperationo 1 4flood level (NAMO) Prof. Ir. J.J. Peters | VUB | Consultant - River specialist SCHEME OF DAMS ON THE RÍO GRIJALVA CAPACITY (In millions cubic meters) 20,000 14,000 (For flood regulation) 8,500 3,460 ANGOSTURA (1975) (msnm) 539.5* 533.0** 500 Is the reservoir with the largest regulation capacity of Mexico. 400 ANGOSTURA 300 MALPASO (1964) 200 188.0 * 182.5 ** 100 *Maximum extraordinary flood level (NAME) Grijalva* R* iMaximumver - Mexi coperationo 1 5flood level (NAMO) Prof. Ir. J.J. Peters | VUB | Consultant - River specialist SCHEME OF DAMS ON THE RÍO GRIJALVA CAPACITY (In millions cubic meters) 20,000 1,680 14,000 (For flood regulation) 8,500 490 3,460 ANGOSTURA (1975) (msnm) 539.5* CHICOASÉN (1980) 533.0** Hydropower scheme with 500 highest potential of 1 500 MW, but with little effect on flow regulation. 395.0* 400 392.5** CHICOASÉN 300 MALPASO (1964) 200 188.0 * 182.5 ** 100 *Maximum extraordinary flood level (NAME) Grijalva* R* iMaximumver - Mexi coperationo 1 6flood level (NAMO) Prof. Ir. J.J. Peters | VUB | Consultant - River specialist SCHEME OF DAMS ON THE RÍO GRIJALVA CAPACITY (In millions cubic meters) 20,000 1,680 14,000 1,485 (For flood regulation) 8,500 490 3,460 1,091 ANGOSTURA (1975) (msnm) 539.5* CHICOASÉN (1980) 533.0** 500 In December 1967, in the Ostuacan river, between 395.0* Malpaso and Peñitas, was 400 392.5** observed a flood event with PEÑITAS discharge of over 4 000 m3/s. 300 MALPASO (1964) 200 188.0 * 182.5 ** PEÑITAS (1987) 100 *Maximum extraordinary flood level (NAME) 95.5* 87.4** Grijalva* R* iMaximumver - Mexi coperationo 1 7flood level (NAMO) Prof. Ir. J.J. Peters | VUB | Consultant - River specialist IMPACT OF THE DAMS • 4 dams constructed between 1964 and 1987 had a significant impact on the hydrological regimen of the Mezcalapa river (Grijalva downstream of Peñitas) • Natural flood events disappeared and the operation of Peñitas dam determines the discharges (little contribution of Platanar river) • A compensation dam foreseen to avoid rapid discharge fluctuation during the day has not yet been constructed Grijalva River - Mexico 18 Prof. Ir. J.J. Peters | VUB | Consultant - River specialist MGASTOSONTHLY MENSUALES DISCHARGES ENIN P PENITASENITAS 19 1948-199948 - 1999 10,000 9,000 Peñitas Mal Paso Chicoasén Angostura 8,000 7,000 ) S / 6,000 3 M ( S 5,000 E G R A H 4,000 GASTOS (M3/S) C S I D 3,000 2,000 1,000 0 Ene-47 Ene-51 Ene-55 Ene-59 Ene-63 Ene-67 Ene-71 Ene-75 Ene-79 Ene-83 Ene-87 Ene-91 Ene-95 Ene-99 DATEFECHAS (MO N(MESES)THS) MÁXIMO MÍNIMO MEDIO Grijalva River - Mexico 19 Prof.