Indiculus de adventu Enoch et Eliae adque Antichristi [Translated by Kenneth Baxter Wolf and the students of his “Medieval Latin Translation” seminar, Fall 2020: Kimi Adler, Tommy Burke, Michael Collins, Gillian Hart, Madison Hesse, Desmond Mantle, and Catherine Phillips. Based on the edition in Juan Gil, Corpus scriptorum mozarabicorum (Madrid: CSIC, 1973), I: 126-133] This text,1 probably written in the early ninth century, was compiled from a variety of sources available to its anonymous Iberian Christian author, including Victorinus of Pettau’s Commentary on Revelation (c. 260), Daniel’s Commentary on Daniel (407), Gregory’s Moralia in Job (578-95), and especially Beatus of Liébana’s Commentary on Revelation (776; revised in 784). Like the work of Beatus, the only other Iberian commentary on Revelation produced in Spain after 711, the Indiculus de adventu makes no mention of Muhammad or Islam or of the new reality of the Andalusi Christian church. Here begins the Indication of the Advent of Enoch and Elijah and Antichrist, set forth from two books, that is, from Daniel and the Revelation of John, by St. Jerome.2 1. At the end of this world that which the Lord formerly said through the prophet will be fulfilled, when he said: “Behold I will send you Elijah the prophet. And he shall turn the hearts of the fathers to the children, and the hearts of the children to their fathers,”3 that is, so that the Jews might, in the end, recognize what the prophets sang4 concerning Christ and be baptized; and at that time the Jews will know their “fathers,” the prophets, and the hearts of the fathers will be turned to the children and the hearts of the children to their fathers, and men to their neighbor, that is, to his Christ. And at that time those 144,000 virgins5 from the Jews, from the twelve tribes of the sons of Israel, those whom John in the Book of Revelation records as having been signed [signatos] will be about to believe.6 May no one think that John considers these signed ones as the children whom Herod decapitated for the sake of Christ;7 the latter were from the tribe of Judah and of Benjamin, while the former were from [all] twelve tribes of the sons of Israel: “Of the tribe of Judah, twelve thousand were signed: Of the tribe of Ruben, twelve thousand signed: Of the tribe of Gad, twelve thousand signed: Of the tribe of Aser, twelve thousand signed: Of the tribe of Nephthali, twelve thousand signed: Of the tribe of Manasseh, twelve thousand signed: Of the 1 The text survives in two codices: Escorial R.II.18 (ninth century) and Córdoba, Biblioteca del archivo capitular de la catedral, 123 (tenth/eleventh century). This translation is based on the edition in Gil CSM 1:125-133. For a detailed study of the sources used by the author, see: Gaelle Bosseman, “Circulation et usages de l’exégèse dans la péninsule Ibérique au IXe siècle: Étude des sources de l’Indiculus de adventu Enoch et Eliae adque Antichristi.” Mélanges de la Casa de Velázquez, 49-1 (2019), 41-60. 2 The Latin is “…a beato Iheronimo expositum.” The use of this form of exponere (“to put out” or “to set forth”) is ambiguous, perhaps deliberately so, as a statement of authorship. It was not uncommon to attribute new works to old authorities with an eye to legitimacy. Jerome was famous for his Commentary on Daniel, which is one of the sources for this work. Jerome did not produce a commentary on Revelation, though he did edit one produced in the third century by Victorinus of Pettau (c. 260), the first extant commentary on this book of the Bible. Jerome expurgated Victorinus’ text (398) with an eye to ridding it of its millennialist tendencies. This has led some to attribute the work to Jerome. Gaelle Bosseman, “Circulation et usages de l’exégèse dans la péninsule Ibérique au IXe siècle,” Mélanges de la Casa de Velázquez, 49-1 (2019), 44. 3 Malachi 4:5-6. 4 The verb is actually canuerunt, which is a preterite form of cānēre, meaning “to be white.” This makes no sense, but canere with a short “e” means “to sing,” and it is easy to imagine the author making a mistake and using the wrong preterite form for a verb that looks so much like cānēre. 5 Revelation 14:4: “These are they who were not defiled with women: for they are virgins. These follow the Lamb whithersoever he goeth.” 6 Revelation 7:4. 7 A reference to Herod’s “slaughter of the innocents,” as reported in Matthew 2:16-18. tribe of Simeon, twelve thousand signed: Of the tribe of Levi, twelve thousand signed: Of the tribe of Issachar, twelve thousand signed: Of the tribe of Zabulon, twelve thousand signed: Of the tribe of Joseph, twelve thousand signed: Of the tribe of Benjamin, twelve thousand signed.”8 Truly all the 144,000 will be virgins “and in their mouth there will be found no lie,”9 because not only will they faithfully confess Christ the Lord, but they will also be crowned in martyrdom on behalf of that one. If so many virgins from among the Jews are about to believe, how many do you think will not be virgins? Truly there will be as many from the Jews as from the Gentiles, as St. John reported in the same book, saying: “After this I saw a great multitude, which no man could number, of every tribe and nation, and peoples and tongues, standing before the throne, and in sight of the Lamb, clothed with white robes, and palms in their hands.”10 The Jews in Jerusalem will be ready to believe the preaching of Elijah and Enoch in three years and six months,11 and when those three years and six months have passed, Satan will be released from his prison and he will enter into that man, that son of perdition, who is said to be Antichrist, the devil himself, who said: “I will set my habitation from the north, and I will be like the most High.”12 He is the very prince of the demons, for he will have the power and strength to operate through that most evil man, a kind of power that he never had from the time when he was cast from the kingdoms of heaven, and he will subjugate to his judgment without any hope of retraction all whom he will find in pursuit of the carnal life. For Antichrist himself was begotten as pure man; and then he will come first to Jerusalem where Enoch and Elijah are and Antichrist will kill them and their bodies will lie on the street of the city for three and a half days. And on the fourth day their spirit enters into them, lest they be found similar to Christ,13 and they will ascend in a cloud up into the air. 2. Now it should be said what the Antichrist may do after these things. For Antichrist is not able to deceive the people except through the pretense of sanctity. Even though he is most impure and sordid, he will pretend that he will be a virgin and not a lover of women, and he will exhibit abstinence. Nor will he be a lover of money, and he will claim only the law of Moses. After that the Jews will be about to believe, so that they who did not wish to receive Christ the Son of God might deserve to have a Christ like this one. He will not otherwise be able to seduce the circumcised people unless he be a claimant of the law; he could not obtain a kingdom otherwise, because royal honor was not owed to him by the order of his birth, to him, “who has to arise from a small nation,”14 that is, from the people of the Jews, from the tribe of Dan,15 son of Jacob, who was born to a concubine named Balla (Bilhah),16 and who also among the twelve tribes of his brothers did not receive his inheritance in the promised land, but set up camp to the north; in fact he said that: “I will set my habitation from the north, and I will be like the Most High.” For while it may be said with regard to all his brothers that they were each signed in the amount the 12,000, it is said 8 Revelation 7:5-8. 9 Revelation 14:4-5: “These are they who were not defiled with women: for they are virgins. These follow the Lamb whithersoever he goeth. These were purchased from among men, the firstfruits to God and to the Lamb: And in their mouth there was found no lie; for they are without spot before the throne of God.” 10 Revelation 7:9. 11 Based on Daniel 7:25 and 12:7: “a time, times, and half a time.” 12 Based on Isaiah 14:13-14: “And thou saidst in thy heart: I will ascend into heaven, I will exalt my throne above the stars of God, I will sit in the mountain of the covenant, in the sides of the north. I will ascend above the height of the clouds, I will be like the most High.” 13 Dissimilar to Christ in the sense that he rose from the dead on the third day. 14 Jerome, Commentary on Daniel, 7:24 (Archer 131): qui consurgere habet de modica gente, id est, de populo Judaeorum.