j833 Index – a acetyl radical 741 breakthrough curves for H2S adsorption on a absorption 108 acid aerosols 567 molecular sieve 132, 133 – activity and activity coefficients, in acid–base catalyzed reactions 11 – calculation of lads,ideal, HTZ, and LUB chloroform 111 acid catalyst 11 based on breakthrough curves 135 – basic design data, of column for absorption acidity 10 – capillary condensation of CO2 in water 116 acid-catalyzed reaction 652 –– and adsorption/desorption hysteresis 126 – Bunsen absorption coefficient 110 acid-soluble polymers 653 – competitive 128 – – fi chemical absorption of CO2 in N- acrolein 30, 476, 476, 479, 481, 483, 701 design of a xed-bed adsorption process 131 methyldiethanolamine 112, 113 acrylamide 28, 29, 487 – design of processes 130–135 – CO2 in water, and subsequent bicarbonate acrylic acid 140, 466, 467, 479, 481–483 – desorption 131 formation 110 acrylonitrile 462, 466, 467, 486–487 – dissociative 128 – design of columns 113–116 activation energy 24, 34, 201, 203, 215, 711 – equilibrium of a binary system on zeolite 128 – equilibria of chemical absorption 108 – apparent activation energy of diffusion – estimation of slope of breakthrough curve 132 – equilibria of physical absorption, processes 229, 230, 232 – height of mass transfer zone HTZ 132 comparison 109 – for chain transfer 807 – hysteresis loop during – fl – –– gas velocity and ooding of absorption correlation between activation energy and adsorption and desorption of N2 in a column 115 reaction enthalpy for a reversible cylindrical pore 127 – height equivalent of one theoretical stage reaction 212 – kinetics (influence of pore diffusion) 129, 130 (HETS) 115 – influence on reaction rate constant 203 – length of unused bed of an adsorber 134 – Henry coefficients for different gases 109 – negative 584, 587 – minimal ideal length of adsorber 133 – McCabe–Thiele diagram, for absorption active Phillips catalyst 810 – principles 120–124 process 114–116 active polymerization systems 810 – total design length of an adsorber 134 – operation conditions of sieve tray 115 activity coefficient 111, 140, 193, advanced solvents 36 – packed columns 115 194, 788 after co-precipitation 690 – principles of chemical and physical addition reactions 10 Ag-catalysts 698 absorption 108 adhesives 506 air pollutants, global emissions 510 – Raoult’s law 110 adiabatic beds 564–566 air separation processes 458 – solvent, and solute activity 111, 112 adiabatic compression 160, 161, 172 air velocity 549 – technical absorption processes 113 adiabatic expansion 40, 65, 154 Al-catalyzed reaction 755 – acetaldehyde 464, 480, 695 total work 46 AlCl3 11 – liquid phase oxidation of 739 adiabatic fixed-bed reactors 539 alcohol synthesis – oxidation 740, 741 adiabatic multiple-bed reactor 693 – by cycloalkane oxidation 475 –– acetic acid synthesis via 741 adiabatic operation 301, 317, 319, 329 – by ethylene oligomerization and Al-complex –– radical mechanism 741 – of a batch reactor 317, 318 hydrolysis 475 – production 464, 480 – choice of best reactor type for adiabatic – by fatty ester hydrogenation 475 acetic acid 28, 472, 477, 482, 739–749 operation 335 – global production 473 – anhydride 28 – of a CSTR 323, 333, 334 – from olefin and syngas 474 – commercial production technologies – of a PFR 329, 333, 334 – by olefin hydratization 475 –– direct ethylene oxidation 747 adiabatic reactors with periodic flow – by sugar fermentation 475 –– by ethane and methane oxidation 748, 749 reversal 376, 377 – from syngas 474 – consumption 740 – commercial applications 377 alcoholates 496 – dominant manufacturing process 739, 740 – temperature profiles 377 aldehydes 17 – production capacities 482, 740, 741 adipinic acid 10, 461, 464, 473, 482, 483, – distillation column 724 – synthesis 739, 740 491, 498 – hydrogenation 475, 720, 723 –– via acetaldehyde oxidation 741, 742 adipodinitrile 461, 462, 464 – industrial production 479 –– via butane or naphtha oxidation 742 adiponitrile 461, 472, 485, 487 – linear 721 –– via methanol carbonylation 743–747 adsorption 120, 458 – oxidation 481 acetone 481 – adsorption bed zones 131 – Rh-hydroformylation, selectivity for 738 acetylene 189, 198, 211, 437, 441, 461, 465, – application areas, liquid and gaseous – Rh-loss 730 470, 476, 478, 605 components 131 – selectivity to linear aldehyde 718 – – – from CaC2 470 BET isotherm 124 126 Alfol process 475 – industrial products from 471 – BET theory, originators 127 aliphatic isocyanates 487 Chemical Technology: An Integral Textbook, First Edition. Andreas Jess and Peter Wasserscheid. Ó 2013 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA. Published 2013 by Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA. 834j Index alkanes 460, 463 – industrial routes for 486 atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) 31 – applications 461 amino acids 462 Aufbaureaktion 750 – chlorination 12 ammonia 20, 457 autoclave process 806, 808, 809, 813–815 – from crude oil distillation 463 – catalytic oxidation 26, 573 automotive emissions 786 – dehydrogenation 36, 462 ––concentration and temperature automotive fuels 605 – industrial processes for 463 field 577 auto-refrigeration processes 658 – oxidation of 464 ––conversion and characteristic auxiliary induction 19 – sulfoxidation 12 temperatures 582 Avogadro, Amedeo Carlo 41 n-alkanes ––technical reactor for 580 axial dispersion coefficient 648 – boiling and melting point 440 ammonia reactor – influence 648 – as feedstock 608 – inert gas, influence 532 axial temperature profiles 681 – important industrial processes for – pressure drop 531 azeotropic distillation 742, 744 conversion of 463 ammonia synthesis 525–536 – heterogeneous 107 alkenes 14, 17 – annual worldwide production, evolution – homogeneous 106 1-alkenes 527, 528 azeotroping agents 744 – fl – with chain lengths between C6 ow sheet N,N-azobisisobutyronitrile 496 – – and C18 751 historical development 525 528 – ethene polymerization 805 – Haber–Bosch process 29, 673 b – industrial applications 465, 750 – kinetics and mechanism 529–531 back-biting process 807 – Poisson distribution 751 – reaction scheme 529 bacteria 474 – polymerization to 464 – schematic energy profile 529 Barkelew diagram 320, 714 – production 749, 756 – syngas composition 538 base chemicals 460 – SASOL commercially extract 758 – technical ammonia process and synthesis BASF company – SHOP technology 756 reactors 531–536 – annual capacity of ethylene oxide 700 alkenylsulfonates 504 – thermodynamics 527–529 – carbonylation process for acetic acid alkylate quality 661 ––pressure and temperature production 743, 744 alkylation processes 26, 216, 444, 456, 463, 501, influence 528 – sales in 2007 and 2009 2, 3 503, 606, 656, 658, 661 6-aminopenicillanic acid 29 basicity 10 – of 2-butene with isobutane 654 Amoco process 484, 740 batch reactor 213–215, 298–299, – commercially applied 661, 662 Andrussow process 462 306–307 – of fatty amines 501 aniline 10, 484 Bechamp process 485 – of hexanes with ethane 653 aniline-based herbicide (S)-metolachlor 508 Beckmann rearrangement reaction 486 – HF alkylation 661 aniline hydrogenation 485 bentonite 474 – isobutane, with C3–C5 olefins 653 anionic detergents 502 benzene 11, 16, 463 – of olefins with isoparaffins 653 anionic polymerization 496 – with ammonia, direct amination of 485 – with sulfuric acid as catalyst 655, 661 annual consumption, of crude oil 21 – chlorination 458, 490 – using hydrofluoric acid as catalyst 657 annual global production, of chemicals 2 – Friedel–Crafts alkylation 502, 703 alkylbenzene sulfonates 502, 503 anthropogenic global warming 425 – important industrial products from 470 – alkyl cations 14 anthropogenic NOx emissions 511 nitration of 16 alkyl chlorides 501 anti-graying agents 501 – produced together with toluene and alkyl cyanates 488 anti-icing agents 705 xylenes 468 alkyl groups 8, 14, 469, 501, 608, 734, 750, 755, Antoine equation 50 Bergius, Friedrich 673 761, 809, 810 apparent activation energy Bergius–Pier process 431, 449, 672, 673 alkyllithiums 493 – diffusion processes 229, 230 Bernoulli, Daniel 152 alkylphenol 504 – solid catalyzed reaction 255 Bernoulli equation 154 alkylphenyl polyether glycols 504 ––influence of reaction temperature on effective Berzelius 21 alkylpolyglycosides 504, 505 rate constant 255, 256 Bessemer process 587, 589 alkylsulfonates 464, 503, 504, 736 aqueous electrorefining, of copper 801 BET-equation 124/125 alkynes 17, 441, 464 ARGE catalyst 680 biocatalysis 19, 20, 28, 29, 474 – industrially important 465 ARGE fixed bed process 675 – in chemical industry 29 allyl chloride 466, 490 aromatic compounds, industrially biodegradable detergents 750 allylic alcohol (2-propen-1-ol) 476 important 15, 465 biogas 460 aluminium-alkyl compounds 750 aromatic hydrocarbons 672 biomass aluminum 457 aromatization 606 – chemis-tree, illustration 460 – aluminum-alkyl-based Arrhenius equation 61, 203, 212, 250, 286, – to energy supply, global contribution 432 “Aufbaureaktion” 750 323, 382 – gasification 558 – based oligomerization processes 756 Arrhenius law 24, 201, 215, 583 – to liquid (BTL) processes 672 – cell for fused salt electrolysis of Arrhenius number 245, 253, 254, 285, – particle transient heating, during aluminum 802 320, 361 pyrolysis 546 – electrical energy consumption for Arrhenius plot 62, 201, 256, 403, 562 – pyrolysis 545 production 802 Arrhenius, Svante August 201 – renewable energy 421 – production by electrolysis 801–802 asphalt 443 Biot, Jean Baptiste 81 1 amination 485 Aspirin 505 Biot number 82, 546, 593 amines asymmetric carbon atom 18 biotransformation 28 – absorption 149 – priority rule for substituents