Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Africa Region - Air Quality profile ofSSAcountries profile -AirQuality Africa Region Review ofUrbanAirQualityinSub-Saharan Dieter Schwela SECTION 1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY............................................................................ 5 1.1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................. 5 1.2 COUNTRIES SUMMARY ..................................................................................... 9 1.2.1 Policies ............................................................................................................................................................ 9 1.2.2 Governance................................................................................................................................................... 10 1.2.3 Emissions ...................................................................................................................................................... 10 1.2.4 Air Quality Monitoring ............................................................................................................................... 11 1.2.5 Modelling...................................................................................................................................................... 11 1.2.6 Impacts ......................................................................................................................................................... 12 1.2.7 Finances ........................................................................................................................................................ 12 1.4 SOME BEST PRACTICES IN THE SSA REGION............................................ 13 1.4.1 Fuel specifications........................................................................................................................................ 13 1.4.2 Emission standards...................................................................................................................................... 13 1.4.3 Air quality standards................................................................................................................................... 15 1.4.4 Action plan ................................................................................................................................................... 15 1.4.5 Monitoring network..................................................................................................................................... 17 1.4.6 Follow up to the leaded gasoline phase-out. Monitoring blood lead levels in high risk groups ............ 18 1.5 Conclusion .................................................................................................................................................... 18 SECTION 2. BACKGROUND ....................................................................................... 26 SECTION 3. URBAN AIR QUALITY IN-DEPTH REVIEW IN SSA. .............................. 29 3.1 Benin ............................................................................................................................................................ 34 3.2 Botswana....................................................................................................................................................... 38 3.3 Burkina Faso................................................................................................................................................ 41 3.4 Burundi......................................................................................................................................................... 44 3.5 Cameroon ..................................................................................................................................................... 45 1 3.6 Republic of the Congo (Congo Brazzaville)............................................................................................... 47 3.7 Democratic Republic of the Congo (Congo-Kinshasa)............................................................................. 51 3.8 Ethiopia......................................................................................................................................................... 53 3.9 Gabon............................................................................................................................................................ 57 3.10 Ghana............................................................................................................................................................ 60 3.11 Guinea........................................................................................................................................................... 64 3.12 Kenya ............................................................................................................................................................ 66 3.13 Liberia........................................................................................................................................................... 69 3.14 Madagascar .................................................................................................................................................. 70 3.15 Malawi .......................................................................................................................................................... 73 3.16 Mali ............................................................................................................................................................... 75 3.17 Mauritius ...................................................................................................................................................... 78 3.18 Mozambique................................................................................................................................................. 81 3.19 Nigeria........................................................................................................................................................... 85 3.20 Rwanda......................................................................................................................................................... 89 3.21 Senegal .......................................................................................................................................................... 91 3.22 Swaziland...................................................................................................................................................... 95 3.23 Tanzania ....................................................................................................................................................... 97 3.24 Togo ............................................................................................................................................................ 101 3.25 Uganda........................................................................................................................................................ 105 3.26 Zambia........................................................................................................................................................ 108 3.27 Zimbabwe................................................................................................................................................... 112 SECTION 4. COUNTRY SUMMARIES AND ANALYSES.......................................... 115 4.1 Country summaries............................................................................................................................................ 115 4.2 Analysis ............................................................................................................................................................... 128 4.2.1 Policies and legislation....................................................................................................................... 129 4.2.2 Governance ........................................................................................................................................ 129 4.2.3 Emissions ........................................................................................................................................... 130 4.2.4 Air quality monitoring........................................................................................................................ 132 4.2.5 Modelling ........................................................................................................................................... 134 4.2.6 Impacts............................................................................................................................................... 134 4.2.7 Finances ............................................................................................................................................. 134 2 4.2.8 Country-approaches of general interest.............................................................................................. 135 SECTION 5. PRESENTATION OF SOME BEST PRACTICES IN THE SSA REGION .................................................................................................................................... 136 5.1 Fuel specifications.....................................................................................................................................