PROFILE OF INTERNAL DISPLACEMENT : BURUNDI Compilation of the information available in the Global IDP Database of the Norwegian Refugee Council (as of 14 May, 2002) Also available at http://www.idpproject.org Users of this document are welcome to credit the Global IDP Database for the collection of information. The opinions expressed here are those of the sources and are not necessarily shared by the Global IDP Project or NRC Norwegian Refugee Council/Global IDP Project Chemin Moïse Duboule, 59 1209 Geneva - Switzerland Tel: + 41 22 799 07 00 Fax: + 41 22 799 07 01 E-mail : [email protected] CONTENTS CONTENTS 1 PROFILE SUMMARY 7 CAUSES AND BACKGROUND OF DISPLACEMENT 10 CONFLICT AND DISPLACEMENT: BACKGROUND AND DEVELOPMENT 10 ETHNIC BACKGROUND AND PRE-COLONIAL TIMES 10 COLONIAL RULE AND MILITARY REGIMES (1899-1992) 11 ASSASSINATION OF FIRST DEMOCRATICALLY ELECTED PRESIDENT, MILITARY COUP OF MAJOR BUYOYA AND ECONOMIC EMBARGO (1993-1998) 12 A SERIOUSLY DETERIORATING ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL SITUATION DESPITE LIFTING OF THE EMBARGO (1999-2000) 13 SIGNING OF PEACE AGREEMENT IN ARUSHA IN 2000 AND ESTABLISHMENT OF TRANSITION GOVERNMENT (2000-2002) 15 FIGHTING BETWEEN GOVERNMENT AND REBEL FORCES WHICH DID NOT SIGN ARUSH AGREEMENT CONTINUED (2000-2002) 17 UN AND OTHER EXPERTS WARN THAT CIVIL WAR IN BURUNDI COULD CAUSE LARGER CONFLICT (2001) 18 CAUSES OF DISPLACEMENT 19 GOVERNMENT RESORTED TWICE TO "REGROUPMENT" POLICY (1996-2000) 19 FIGHTING BETWEEN REBEL AND GOVERNMENT FORCES CAUSED INSECURITY AND DISPLACEMENT (2001-2002) 21 A CHRONOLOGY OF POPULATION MOVEMENTS: A REVIEW BY THE UNITED NATIONS RESIDENT COORDINATOR (1998) 21 CAUSES OF INTERNAL DISPLACEMENT: AN ANALYSIS BY THE U.S. COMMITTEE FOR REFUGEES (1998) 22 POPULATION PROFILE AND FIGURES 24 GLOBAL FIGURES 24 OVER 375,500 IDPS IN CAMPS BY FEBRUARY 2002 COMPARED TO 800,000 IN DECEMBER 1999 24 INITIATIVES IN DATA COLLECTION AND MONITORING OF INTERNALLY DISPLACED PERSONS (2000-2001) 24 INCREASE OF TOTAL INTERNALLY DISPLACED POPULATION BETWEEN 1997 AND 1999 25 NO PRECISE ESTIMATES FOR THE DISPLACED POPULATION BETWEEN 1993 AND 1996 25 GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION 27 SOUTHERN PROVINCES OF MAKAMBA, BURURI AND RUTANA HAVE THE HIGHEST NUMBER OF IDPS (2001-2002) 27 DISAGGREGATED FIGURES 28 VULNERABLE CHILDREN IN BURUNDI: MORE THAN 190,000 ORPHANS AND UNACCOMPANIED CHILDREN AS OF NOVEMBER 2000 28 PATTERNS OF DISPLACEMENT 30 GENERAL 30 SHORT-TERM DISPLACEMENT DUE TO CONFLICT BETWEEN GOVERNMENT FORCES AND REBEL GROUPS (2001-2002) 30 FORCED RELOCATION OF POPULATION ALLEGEDLY UNDERTAKEN IN THE SOUTH/EASTERN PROVINCES (DECEMBER 2000) 31 DISPLACEMENT AFFECTS BOTH HUTU AND TUTSI POPULATIONS IN AND OUTSIDE CAMPS (2000) 32 REGROUPMENT OF CIVILIAN POPULATION (SEPTEMBER 1999) 32 TYPOLOGY OF DISPLACEMENT REFLECTS MULTI-FACETED PHENOMENON (1993-1998) 34 PHYSICAL SECURITY & FREEDOM OF MOVEMENT 36 GENERAL 36 FREQUENT VIOLATIONS TO THE RIGHT TO LIFE, PHYSICAL INTEGRITY AND SECURITY REPORTED (2002) 36 RIGHT TO LIFE AND PERSONAL SECURITY 37 BELLIGERENTS ON ALL SIDES TAKE REVENGE ON THE POPULATION FOR ITS SILENCE OR PRESUMED COMPLICITY WITH OTHER CAMP (2002) 37 UN INTER-AGENCY MISSION RECOMMENDED INCREASED PROTECTION OF IDPS IN BURUNDI (2001) 37 AMNESTY INTERNATIONAL URGES TO HELP IMPROVE THE PROTECTION OF THE BURUNDI COMMUNITY FROM HUMAN RIGHTS ABUSES (AUGUST 2001) 37 ATTACKS AND KILLINGS IN CAMPS FOR DISPLACED POPULATION (1999-2002) 37 DISMANTLING OF "REGROUPMENT CAMPS" FORCES DISPLACED TO RETURN TO UNSAFE AREAS (1998-2000) 40 DISPLACED WOMEN AND CHILDREN FACE SPECIFIC PROTECTION PROBLEMS (1998-2002) 40 PERSONAL LIBERTY 42 REPORTS OF FORCED LABOR AND FORCED RECRUITMENT IN CAMPS (1998-2001) 42 FORCED DISPLACEMENT OF 350,000 CIVILIANS HAS BEEN CARRIED OUT IN VIOLATION OF INTERNATIONAL LAW 43 SUBSISTENCE NEEDS (HEALTH NUTRITION AND SHELTER) 45 GENERAL 45 URGENT SHELTER, NON-FOOD AND EDUCATION NEEDS IN MAKAMBA - THE PROVINCE WITH HIGHEST NUMBER OF IDPS (2002) 45 UN/BURUNDI GOVERNMENT ASSESSMENT SHOWED THAT MEMBERS OF BATWA COMMUNITY DISPLACED IN BUJUMBURA MAIRIE LIVE IN VERY PRECARIOUS CONDITIONS (AUGUST 2001) 45 ILLUSTRATION OF THE DIFFICULT CONDITIONS IN IDP CAMPS: GIHUNGWE CAMP, BUBANZA PROVINCE (JUNE 2001) 45 2 ASSESSMENT OF NEEDS OF IDPS AND OTHER PEOPLE AFFECTED BY CONFLICT IN RUTANA PROVINCE (2001-2002) 47 GREAT DISPARITIES IN LIVING CONDITIONS OF IDPS IN BUBANZA PROVINCE SITES (MARCH 2001) 48 IMPROVED FOOD SECURITY BUT GREAT HEALTH AND SANITATION NEEDS IN MAKAMBA PROVINCE (FEBRUARY 2001) 49 DEPLORABLE LIVING CONDITIONS OF DISPLACED IN SETTLEMENT IN BUTERERE (BUJUMBURA MAIRIE) (DEC 2000) 49 EXTREMELY SERIOUS FOOD AND HEALTH SITUATION OF INTERNALLY DISPLACED IN 12 PROVINCES (JULY 2000) 49 NUTRITION 50 DESPITE GLOBAL IMPROVEMENT OF NUTRITIONAL STATUS OF POPULATION, IDPS REMAIN HIGHLY VULNERABLE TO MALNUTRITION (2001-2002) 50 HEALTH 52 GENERAL DETERIORATION OF THE HEALTH STATUS OF THE POPULATION (2000-2002) 52 SIGNIFICANT DECREASE IN MALARIA INFECTION RATE IN 2002 COMPARED TO 2000/2001 54 IDPS ARE VERY VULNERABLE TO HIV/AIDS (1998-2001) 56 OVERVIEW OF NUMBER OF HOSPITALS, HEALTH CENTERS AND MEDICAL PERSONEL PER PROVINCE (AUGUST 2001) 57 IN BUJUMBURA MAIRIE, PEOPLE CURRENTLY DISPLACED AND THOSE RETURNING HOME FOLLOWING SHORT-TERM DISPLACEMENT RISK TO GET EPIDEMICS (MARCH 2001) 58 SHELTER AND OTHER NEEDS 59 PEOPLE DISPLACED TEMPORARILY USUALLY LACK SHELTER AND BASIC ITEMS (2001) 59 UNICEF STUDY HIGHLIGHTED POOR SHELTER CONDITIONS IN EVERY PROVINCE (2001) 59 WOMEN AND CHILDREN 61 PRECARIOUS SITUATION OF DISPLACED WOMEN AND CHILDREN (1998-2002) 61 ACCESS TO EDUCATION 64 GENERAL 64 COST OF BOOKS, UNIFORMS, SCHOOL FEES AND CHILD LABOR HAMPER ACCESS TO EDUCATION (1998-2002) 64 OVERVIEW OF FUNCTIONING/NON FUNCTIONING SCHOOLS IN ALL PROVINCES (2001) 65 DETERIORATION OF SCHOOL ENROLLMENT RATES AND OF EDUCATION SYSTEM'S QUALITY (1998- 2000) 66 ISSUES OF SELF-RELIANCE AND PUBLIC PARTICIPATION 68 GENERAL 68 TRANSITION GOVERNMENT HAS NOT BROUGHT IMPROVEMENT TO THE POPULATION'S DAILY LIVES (2002) 68 ACCESS TO LAND 68 BETTER ACCESS TO FIELDS FOLLOWING CLOSING OF REGROUPMENT CAMPS IN BUJUMBURA RURAL (2001) 68 DISPLACED HOUSEHOLDS AND OTHER VULNERABLE POPULATIONS IN GITEGA, MURAMVYA, MWARO, MUYINGA AND MURAMVYA HAVE EXHAUSTED COPING MECHANISMS (APRIL 2001) 68 STUDY SHOWS DIFFICULTY TO RESORT TO COPING STRATEGIES FOR POPULATION IN REGROUPMENT CAMPS AND OTHER IDPS (2001) 69 DISPLACED POPULATION HAS RESTRICTED ACCESS TO FIELDS (2000) 69 3 EXAMPLE OF KABEZI CAMP: MILITARY AUTHORITIES GRANT TO DISPLACED FARMERS LIMITED ACCESS TO FIELDS, BECAUSE OF INSECURITY AND DISTANCES (2000) 70 VULNERABLE GROUPS 71 MANY CHILDREN ARE THE HEAD OF HOUSEHOLDS AND LIVE IN CONDITIONS OF EXTREME POVERTY (AUGUST 2001) 71 DOCUMENTATION NEEDS AND CITIZENSHIP 72 GENERAL 72 PEOPLE RETURNING HOME AFTER SHORT-TERM DISPLACEMENT LOST IDENTIFICATION PAPERS AND DOCUMENTATION PROVING THEY OWN THEIR HOMES (2001) 72 ISSUES OF FAMILY UNITY, IDENTITY AND CULTURE 73 FAMILY UNITY 73 CHILDREN AT HIGH RISK OF ABANDONMENT AND SEPARATION (1999) 73 PIVOTAL ROLE OF DISPLACED WOMEN IN THE HOUSEHOLD (1995-1998) 73 PROPERTY ISSUES 75 GENERAL 75 LOOTING AND DESTRUCTION OF THE PROPERTY OF THE DISPLACED (1999-2001) 75 PROPERTY INHERITANCE PRACTICES COMPLICATE RESTITUTION PROCESS (1994-2002) 76 MASSIVE POPULATION DISPLACEMENT HAS EXACERBATED LAND DISPUTES (2001) 77 PATTERNS OF RETURN AND RESETTLEMENT 78 GENERAL 78 LANDMINES PREVENT THE DISPLACED TO RETURN HOME IN BUJUMBURA RURAL (2001) 78 DISMANTLEMENT OF REGROUPMENT CAMPS 78 INITIAL PHASES OF DISMANTLEMENT OF REGROUPMENT CAMPS OCCURRED WITH LITTLE GOVERNMENT ASSISTANCE (JANUARY-APRIL 2000) 78 WHILE MANY IDPS RETURNED HOME FOLLOWING CLOSURE OF REGROUPMENT CAMPS, TENS OF THOUSANDS REMAINED DISPLACED (2001) 80 RETURN/RESETTLEMENT POLICY 81 A CONTROVERSIAL FORM OF RESETTLEMENT: THE "VILLAGIZATION" OF THE REGROUPMENT CAMPS (2000) 81 RESETTLEMENT EFFORTS BY THE GOVERNMENT TARGET PRIMARILY THE DISPLACED TUTSI (2000) 82 HUMANITARIAN ACCESS 83 GENERAL 83 DIFFICULT ACCESS TO IDPS IN THE CONTEXT OF ARMED CONFLICT AND OF ATTACKS OF HUMANITARIAN WORKERS (2001-2002) 83 GOVERNMENT COULD BETTER ENSURE SAFE ACCESS TO IDPS (2000-2001) 85 4 NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL RESPONSES 86 NATIONAL RESPONSE 86 GOVERNMENT SURVEYED AVAILABLE LAND FOR RETURNING IDPS AND REFUGEES (2002) 86 GOVERNMENT SUBMITTED PLAN TO REDUCE IMPACT OF AIDS (2002) 86 PRESIDENT BUYOYA CALLED ON DONORS TO FULFILL THEIR PLEDGES TO ENABLE BURUNDI TO REINSTALL IDPS (2002) 86 GOVERNMENT HAS ADOPTED REHABILITATION ACTION PLANS FOR THE DISPLACED AND THE RETURNING REFUGEES (2001) 86 REHABILITATION NEEDS OF THE DISPLACED REVIEWED BY THE COMMITTEE IV ON RECONSTRUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT (ARUSHA PEACE PROCESS) (2000) 87 BURUNDI HAS RATIFIED PRINCIPAL INTERNATIONAL TREATIES ON HUMAN RIGHTS AND HUMANITARIAN LAW (2000-2001) 89 UN RESPONSE 90 UN CONSOLIDATED APPEAL FOR 2002 FOCUSES ON IDPS 90 GOVERNMENT AND UN SET UP FRAMEWORK OF CONSULTATION ON PROTECTION OF IDPS (2001) 90 ADDITIONAL APPEAL TO RESPOND TO ONGOING CRISIS DESPITE SEVERE LACK OF FUNDING FOR 2001 UN CONSOLIDATED APPEAL FOR BURUNDI (2001) 92 WFP STRATEGY FOR FOOD ASSISTANCE TO IDPS AND OTHER VULNERABLE POPULATIONS (NOVEMBER 2001) 92 HUMANITARIAN ORGANIZATIONS FACED SERIOUS CHALLENGES WHEN ASSISTING IDPS IN BUJUMBURA CITY (2002) 93 ASSISTANCE TO THE DISPLACED AND REHABILITATION FOLLOWING CRISIS IN KINAMA (BUJUMBURA MAIRIE) (2001) 93 UN IS DETERMINING STRATEGIES TO IMPROVE ASSISTANCE TO IDPS (NOVEMBER 2001) 96 WFP PROVIDED EMERGENCY ASSISTANCE TO DISPLACED POPULATION (2001-2002) 96 UNFPA AND UNIFEM PLAN TO SUPPORT VICTIMS OF RAPE AND OF OTHER