Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-60217-5 - Revolutions in Twentieth-Century Physics David J. Griffiths Index More information Index B factory, 125 k,18 C, 124 n, 59, 100 G, 14, 15 p, 59, 100 K, 115 s, 120 K shell, 101 t, 124 L shell, 101 u, 101, 105, 120 Q, 118 S, 118 absolute rest, 53 T ,16 absolute zero, 27, 151 W, 128, 134 absorption spectrum, 75 Z, 101, 104, 128, 134 abundance, 157 , 5, 84, 116 accelerated expansion, 162 , 115, 163 acceleration, 6, 7, 10, 56 , 119, 140, 161 acceleration of gravity, 7, 15, 159 ,80 action-at-a-distance, 13, 92, 112 , 115 age of the Universe, 3, 150, 151 ϒ, 124 agnostic, 90, 93 α, 106, 131, 133 air resistance, 7 βC, β, 106 alkali metal, 101 η, 121 allowed energy, 76, 78, 87, 101 γ , 48, 51, 56, 58, 126 allowed orbit, 76, 77, 101 λ,30 allowed radius, 78 μ, 48, 113 alpha decay, 106, 108 ν, 59, 111 alpha particle, 100, 106 νμ, 114 ampere (C/s), 18 νe, 114 amplitude, 30 π, 113 Anderson, Carl, 88, 113 ψ, 123 annihilate, 126 ρc, 162 anticorrelation, 94 σ , 152 antimatter, 126, 156 τ, 123 antiparticle, ix, 87, 119, 120, 126, 130, 131 c, 32, 42, 69, 123 apparent brightness, 149 d, 120 area of a sphere, 152 e, 59, 76, 99, 100 Aristotle, 9 g, 7, 15, 27 Aspect, Alain, 93, 94 h,70 atom, 88, 99–101, 144, 155, 156 166 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-60217-5 - Revolutions in Twentieth-Century Physics David J. Griffiths Index More information Index 167 atomic bomb, 109 Chadwick, James, 100, 111 atomic mass, 101, 105, 107 chain reaction, 109 atomic mass unit, 101, 105 charge, 13, 17, 99, 118 atomic number, 101, 104, 105 charge of the electron, 18, 99 charge of the proton, 18, 100 BaBar, 125 charge-to-mass ratio, 99 backward in time, 130, 131 charged weak interaction, 134 backward light cone, 66 charm, 123, 139 Balmer series, 79, 146 chart of the nuclides, 105 bare bottom, 124 chemistry, 103 barn and ladder paradox, 55 chromodynamics, 122, 132, 137 baryon, 113, 115, 117, 120 circular motion, 7, 15, 76 baryon decuplet, 118, 121 circumference of a circle, 3 baryon number, 139 classical determinism, 83 baryon octet, 118, 121 classical electrodynamics, 75 beautiful meson, 125 classical mechanics, 19, 40, 63, 81 beauty, 124, 139 classical physics, 39, 76, 84, 98 Bell’s theorem, 92 closed Universe, 161, 162 Bell, John, 93 cloud chamber, 114 beryllium, 100 collapse, 90, 92, 94, 96, 97, 162 beta decay, 106, 110, 111, 114 collision, 20, 72, 137 beta particle, 106, 110 color, 31, 122, 132 Big Bang, ix, 126, 143, 150, 151, 154, 155, colorless, 122 157 complementarity, 80 big crunch, 162 complex number, 81 binding energy, 108 composite, 99 Bjorken, J. D., 123 Compton, Arthur, 72 black hole, x, 29 Compton effect, 72, 80, 132 blackbody radiation, 70, 151, 153 Compton scattering, 132 blackbody spectrum, 70, 153–155 confinement, 122, 127 Bohm, David, 91, 92, 93 consciousness, 96 Bohr formula, 78, 87, 101 conservation law, 19, 127, 136 Bohr model, 75, 76, 85 conservation of angular momentum, 91 Bohr radius, 78, 79 conservation of baryon number, 139 Bohr, Niels, 75, 76, 83, 84, 89, 92, 96, 101, 111 conservation of charge, 116, 137 Bohr–Einstein debates, 84 conservation of electron number, 138 Born’s statistical interpretation, 81, 83, 87, 96 conservation of energy, 19, 25, 26, 57, 60, 73, Born, Max, 74, 81 86, 111, 137 bottom, 124 conservation of flavor, 139 brightness, 149 conservation of lepton number, 138 Brookhaven, 115 conservation of mass, 19, 58, 59, 60 bubble chamber, 114 conservation of momentum, 19, 20, 41, 42, 57, 58, 73, 137 cathode ray, 99 conservation of muon number, 138 causal influence, 94 conservation of quark number, 139 causality, 67, 94 conservation of strangeness, 116 Celsius temperature, 27, 151 conservation of tau number, 138 center of the Universe, 143, 147, 151 constant acceleration, 6 centripetal acceleration, 8, 15, 76 constant velocity, 5 Cepheid variable, 149 constructive interference, 34, 37 CERN, 128, 141 contact force, 13, 112 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-60217-5 - Revolutions in Twentieth-Century Physics David J. Griffiths Index More information 168 Index conversion of units, 1 diffraction, 74 Copenhagen interpretation, 89, 90, 93 dimensions, 1 Copernicus, Nicolaus, 40, 143 Dirac equation, 87 corpuscle, 34 Dirac, P. A. M., ix, 87 Cosmic Microwave Background radiation, disintegration, 48, 63, 105, 127 143, 151 distance to galaxies, 149 cosmic rays, 49, 88, 113, 115 Doppler effect, 146 cosmological constant, 163 double-slit experiment, 34, 35, 72, 74 Cosmological Principle, 143, 148, 149, 151, down quark, 120 157, 160 dynamics, 4, 9 cosmological red shift, 146, 147 cosmology, ix, 143 Eightfold Way, 117 Cosmotron, 115 Einstein’s formula, 72 coulomb (C), 17 Einstein’s postulates, 39, 45 Coulomb potential, 87 Einstein’s velocity addition rule, 43 Coulomb’s constant, 18 Einstein, Albert, ix, 39, 40, 40, 42, 43, 44, 47, Coulomb’s law, 17, 18, 29, 76, 131 71, 72, 74, 80, 81, 83, 84, 89, 91–93, 95, Cowan, Clyde, 111 160, 162, 163 critical density, 160–162, 165 electric charge, 13, 17, 23, 99 current, 17 electric current, 17 curvature, 160 electric field, 99 curved spacetiime, 160 electric force, 13, 17, 23 electric potential energy, 29 dark energy, 144, 158, 163 electrical force, 18 dark matter, 144, 158, 161, 163 electro-weak unification, 141 daughter nucleus, 106, 108, 110, 111 electrodynamics, 72, 129, 137 Davisson/Germer experiment, 74 electromagnetic force, 128 de Broglie formula, 77, 80, 84 electromagnetic radiation, 155 de Broglie hypothesis, 73, 74, 76, 80 electromagnetic spectrum, 31, 32 de Broglie wavelength, 73 electromagnetic wave, 32, 44, 70, 151 de Broglie, Louis, 73, 80, 81 electron, 17, 59, 71, 72, 75, 76, 91, 96–100 decay, 106 electron capture, 106 decay of the , 136 electron cloud, 87 decay of the π 0, 126 electron diffraction, 74 decay of the muon, 114, 135 electron neutrino, 114 decay of the neutron, 59, 110, 112, 127, 135, electron number, 138 138 electron volt, 78 decay of the pion, 114 element, 88, 101, 103 decay of the proton, 139, 142 elementary particle, ix, 48, 98 decoherence, 97 elsewhere, 66 deep inelastic scattering, 122 emission spectrum, 75 Delbruck scattering, 132 energy, 21, 23, 57, 60 delta, 5 entangled state, 92 density, 144 EPR paradox, 91, 92 density of ice, 19 equivalence principle, 160 density of matter, 160 escape velocity, 29 density of water, 19 eta-prime, 121 destructive interference, 34, 37 ether, 44, 45 determinism, 92 ethereal influence, 94 deuterium, 104, 156 eV, 78 diagram, 129 event, 53, 55, 64, 67 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-60217-5 - Revolutions in Twentieth-Century Physics David J. Griffiths Index More information Index 169 exchange, 112, 129 Glashow, Sheldon, 123, 124, 141 excited state, 121 global warming, 154 exclusion principle, 98, 103, 121 gluon, 128, 133, 137 expanding universe, 143, 144, 147, 151 God, 83 exploding star, 149 Grand Unified Theory, 142 exponential decay, 106 gravitational field, 13 extra dimensions, ix, 142 gravitational force, 10, 13, 16, 18, 128 gravitational lensing, 159 Faraday, Michael, 13 gravitational mass, 160 faster than light, 93 gravitational potential energy, 27 Fermi’s theory of beta decay, 111 graviton, 128 Fermi, Enrico, 111 gravity, 10, 11, 14 Fermilab, 124 Greenberg, O. W., 122 Feynman diagram, 129, 130 greenhouse effect, 153, 154 Feynman rules, 130 ground state, 78, 79, 85 Feynman, Richard, 69, 88, 129, 131 GUT, 142 field, 13, 112 fine structure constant, 131, 132 half-life, 106, 107 fission, 108 halo, 163 flat space, 160, 161, 165 heat radiation, 70 flavor, 120, 122, 123, 135, 139 heavy elements, 157 force, 10, 13 heavy hydrogen, 104 forward light cone, 66 heavy meson, 124 fourth generation, 126 heavy neutrino, 126 fourth quark, 123 heavy-weight, 113, 123 free fall, 7 Heisenberg uncertainty principle, 84 free quark, 122 Heisenberg, Werner, 74, 84 free will, 83 helium, 100, 103, 156 frequency, 30, 31, 70 Helium-neon laser, 32, 71 friction, 9, 25 hertz (Hz), 31 Friedmann, Alexander, 160 hidden variable, 89, 92, 93, 93 frisbee model, 91 Higgs boson, x, 141 fundamental, 37 Higgs mechanism, 141 fundamental process, 129, 132, 134, 136 Higgs, Peter, 141 fusion, 108, 109, 157 higher-order diagram, 131, 133, 134 future, 66 homogeneous, 143 Hubble length, 162 galactic distances, 149 Hubble’s constant, 148, 151 galactic halo, 163 Hubble’s law, 148, 150 Galaxy, 144, 156, 157 Hubble, Edwin, 143, 148, 162 Galileo Galilei, x, 9, 40, 160 hydrogen, 75, 75, 76, 77, 79, 85, 87, 100, 103, Galileo’s velocity addition rule, 43, 44, 58, 148 104 Gamow, George, 66, 155 hydrogen bomb, 109 Gedankenexperiment, 40 hyperbolic space, 160 Geiger counter, 95, 96 Gell-Mann, Murray, ix, 116, 117, 119, 120, identical particles, 98, 131 140 in phase, 34, 37 general relativity, 160, 162 incompatible observables, 85 generation, 125, 126 incomplete theory, 89, 92 generation crossing, 136, 138 indeterminacy, 83, 88, 89, 92, 93, 96 geodesic, 160 indistinguishability, 98 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-60217-5 - Revolutions in Twentieth-Century Physics David J. Griffiths Index More information 170 Index induced fission, 108 ly, 148, 149 inertia, 10, 58, 159 Lyman series, 78 inertial mass, 160 inertial reference frame, 41, 56, 57 MACHO, 159 infinite universe, 147, 165 macroscopic, 91, 95, 96 infrared, 79, 154 magic telescope, 57 intensity, 71 magnetic field, 13, 99 interaction,