Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Volume II Study on Impacts and Costs of Forced Displacement State of the Art Literature Review June 2011 Public Disclosure Authorized In partnership with Public Disclosure Authorized Table of Contents Executive Summary ............................................................................................................................... 6 PART ONE: INTRODUCTION AND SCOPE OF THE STUDY .................................................................... 7 Introduction ........................................................................................................................................ 7 1. Scope of the Study .................................................................................................................... 11 2. A Note on Assessing the Costs and Benefits of Displacement .................................................. 14 2.1 Impacts on or of Displaced Populations, Host Populations, Host State, State of Origin, Stayee Population and the International Community .................................................................. 14 2.2 Types, Phases and Scenarios of Displacement ................................................................. 15 3. A Note on Measuring “Impacts” of Displacement .................................................................... 22 3.1 Impact of Displacement or Violence? ............................................................................... 22 3.2 Impact of Displacement or General Social Change? ......................................................... 22 3.3 Impact over time? ............................................................................................................. 23 3.4 Implicit and Explicit Value Judgements ............................................................................. 24 3.5 Challenges of Drawing on Empirical Data to Develop Policy Recommendations and Responses ..................................................................................................................................... 25 PART TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW ....................................................................................................... 28 4. Typology of the Literature Reviewed ........................................................................................ 28 4.1 Inclusion/Exclusion Criterion for Literature Review ......................................................... 28 4.2 Author Type and Publication Data .................................................................................... 29 4.3 Impact on... ....................................................................................................................... 32 4.4 Stakeholders: .................................................................................................................... 33 4.5 Emerging Case-study Countries ........................................................................................ 35 4.6 Quantitative – Qualitative Research ................................................................................. 38 4.7 Key Funders ....................................................................................................................... 42 5. Assessing the Costs and Benefits of Displacement on Displaced Populations ......................... 44 5.1 Key impacts emerging in the literature............................................................................. 44 5.2 Differential Impacts According to Displaced Populations’ Characteristics ....................... 45 5.3 Gender Relations and Gendered Dynamics ...................................................................... 46 5.4 Health and Well-being ...................................................................................................... 49 5.5 Demography, Fertility and Reproductive Health .............................................................. 51 5.6 Children ............................................................................................................................. 54 5.7 Displaced People Supporting Other Refugees/IDPs ......................................................... 57 1 5.8 Identity and Governance: “positive” or “negative” impacts?........................................... 58 5.9 Human Security, Human Insecurity and Violence ............................................................. 59 5.10 Economic Impacts ............................................................................................................. 61 6. Assessing the Impacts on and of Hosting Communities ........................................................... 67 6.1 Impacts of the Displaced Population on the Host Population .......................................... 68 6.2 Characteristics of the Host and Displaced Populations .................................................... 69 6.3 Tracing the Source of “Impacts”? ..................................................................................... 71 6.4 Impacts of the Host Population on the Displaced Population .......................................... 84 7. Assessing Impacts on and of the Host State ............................................................................. 86 7.1 Impacts on and of Southern Host States .......................................................................... 86 7.2 Impacts on and of Northern Host States .......................................................................... 91 8. Assessing the Impacts on and of the Country of Origin and the Stayee Population ................ 94 8.1 Impacts of Displacement on the Country of Origin and the Stayee Population ............... 96 8.2 Impacts of Repatriation and Return on the Country of Origin and Stayee Population .... 97 8.3 The Costs and Benefits of the Resettlement of IDPs ........................................................ 99 8.4 The Impact of the State of Origin and/or of the Population of Origin u Displaced Populations ................................................................................................................................. 100 9. Assessing the Impacts on and of the International Community ............................................. 101 10. Limitations in existing literature: Rationale and methodology for new study ................... 105 10.1 Selection of Case-Studies for Phase Two ........................................................................ 107 APPENDICES AND BIBLIOGRAPHIES .................................................................................................... 111 Appendix 1: Bibliographical sources and existing quantitative and qualitative datasets per displaced population/host country ................................................................................................. 112 Appendix 2: Key research methods drawn upon by existing studies ............................................. 181 Appendix 3: Overview of NGO and Agency evaluations of programmes and policies designed to address the impact of displacement upon displaced and host populations .................................. 183 Appendix 4: Studies and evaluations of projects designed to address the impact of displacement on reproductive health ................................................................................................................... 200 Appendix 5: Relevant Millennium Development Goal indicators ................................................... 202 Appendix 6: Publication trends for each impact area: 1970 – 2010 ............................................... 204 BIBLIOGRAPHIES ................................................................................................................................. 207 Complete Bibliography ................................................................................................................ 207 Thematic Bibliographies .............................................................................................................. 235 2 LIST OF TABLES TABLE 1: AN OVERVIEW OF POSSIBLE SCENARIOS OF DISPLACEMENT, NOTING THE DEGREE OF INTERACTION WITH THE HOST POPULATION ACCORDING TO BOTH THE “SCENARIO” OF DISPLACEMENT, AND THE PARTICULAR CHARACTERISTICS OF A GIVEN “SCENARIO” ..................................................................................................................................................... 19 TABLE 2 - SCENARIOS OF DISPLACEMENT (GLOBAL NORTH) ............................................................................................... 20 TABLE 3 - RANKING OF THE KEY IMPACTS EMERGING IN THE LITERATURE ............................................................................. 32 TABLE 4 - VIABLE CASE-STUDIES EMERGING IN THE LITERATURE ......................................................................................... 37 TABLE 5 - VIABLE CASE-STUDIES EMERGING IN THE LITERATURE ....................................................................................... 108 3 LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE 1 - OVERVIEW OF KEY PUBLICATIONS REVIEWED, BY AUTHOR TYPE AND DECADE OF PUBLICATION .................................... 29 FIGURE 2 - CONCEPTUALIZATION OF PHASES OF FORCED MIGRATION OR CONFLICT ON DEMOGRAPHY. ...................................... 53 FIGURE 3 - STYLIZED REFUGEE CAMP ECONOMY .............................................................................................................. 62 FIGURE 4 - SUGGESTED EFFECTS OF POPULATION GROWTH ..............................................................................................