Collaborative Enterprise Architecture Intentionally left as blank Collaborative Enterprise Architecture Enriching EA with Lean, Agile, and Enterprise 2.0 Practices Stefan Bente Dr. Uwe Bombosch Shailendra Langade AMSTERDAM • BOSTON • HEIDELBERG • LONDON NEW YORK • OXFORD • PARIS • SAN DIEGO SAN FRANCISCO • SINGAPORE • SYDNEY • TOKYO Morgan Kaufmann is an imprint of Elsevier Acquiring Editor: Andrea Dierna Development Editor: Robyn Day Project Manager: Jessica Vaughan Designer: Greg Harris Morgan Kaufmann is an imprint of Elsevier 225 Wyman Street, Waltham, MA 02451, USA # 2012 Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. 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HD30.213.B463 2013 658.4’038011–dc23 2012014682 British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. ISBN: 978-0-12-415934-1 Printed in the United States of America 12 13 14 15 16 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 For information on all MK publications visit our website at www.mkp.com To our families (Beate and Thomas; Christiane and Julian; Deepali, Pratik, and Tanishka), with many thanks for their support and patience. Intentionally left as blank Contents Acknowledgments ................................................................................................................................ xi CHAPTER 1 Why Collaborative Enterprise Architecture? ...................................................... 1 Reasons for This Book ............................................................................................... 1 Goals and Benefits of Enterprise Architecture .......................................................... 4 Controlling IT Complexity.................................................................................. 6 Aligning Business and IT.................................................................................... 9 The Gray Reality: Enterprise Architecture Failures ................................................ 11 Between Success and Disappointment.............................................................. 12 Perspective: Between Bird’s-Eye View and Nitty-Gritty on the Ground........ 14 Governance: A Host of Directives, but No One Follows Them ...................... 19 Strategy: Marathon or 100 m Run?................................................................... 21 Transformation: Between Standstill and Continuous Revolution .................... 23 Enriching EA by Lean, Agile, and Enterprise 2.0 Practices ................................... 25 How This Book Is Structured............................................................................ 28 CHAPTER 2 What Is Enterprise Architecture? .................................................................... 31 The Meaning of Architecture................................................................................... 31 Applying Architecture to an Enterprise ................................................................... 34 EA Applicability and Use ........................................................................................ 36 CHAPTER 3 What Enterprise Architects Do: Core Activities of EA ....................................... 39 Defining the IT Strategy (EA-1) .............................................................................. 41 Defining the Goals............................................................................................. 42 Stipulating the Rules ......................................................................................... 43 The Gartner Grid ............................................................................................... 46 Identifying the Initiatives .................................................................................. 48 The Role of an Enterprise Architect ................................................................. 49 Modeling the Architectures (EA-2) ......................................................................... 49 Models and Views of Various Architectures.................................................... 49 Visualizing Cross-Relations and Transformations............................................ 51 Modeling Standards........................................................................................... 52 Evolving the IT Landscape (EA-3).......................................................................... 58 Application Rationalization............................................................................... 58 General IT Transformations .............................................................................. 66 SOA Transformations........................................................................................ 67 Assessing and Building Capabilities (EA-4) ........................................................... 69 Competence Development for Enterprise Architects ....................................... 69 vii viii Contents Formalizing Enterprise Architecture................................................................. 74 EA Team Position in the Organization Structure............................................. 76 Developing and Enforcing Standards and Guidelines (EA-5) ................................ 78 Standardizing on Technology Usage ................................................................ 79 Enforcing Standards and Guidelines................................................................. 83 Monitoring the Project Portfolio (EA-6).................................................................. 86 Building the Project Portfolio ........................................................................... 87 Auditing the Portfolio........................................................................................ 93 Leading or Coaching Projects (EA-7)...................................................................... 98 Managing Risks Involved in IT (EA-8)................................................................. 100 CHAPTER 4 EA Frameworks ........................................................................................... 105 What is an EA Framework?................................................................................... 106 The Zachman Framework for Enterprise Architecture.......................................... 108 The Open Group Architecture Framework (TOGAF)........................................... 110 TOGAF Architecture Development Methodology (ADM) ............................ 111 TOGAF Architecture Content Framework ..................................................... 114 TOGAF Architecture Capability Framework ................................................. 115 Gartner Methodology (Formerly META Framework)........................................... 118 The Role and Use of EA frameworks.................................................................... 121 CHAPTER 5 EA Maturity Models ..................................................................................... 123 Applying Maturity Model to EA............................................................................ 124 What is a Maturity Model? ............................................................................. 124 Relevance of Maturity Models in EA............................................................. 126 A Rule of Thumb for the Architectural Maturity of an Enterprise................ 126 OMB EA Assessment Framework ......................................................................... 127 Architecture Capability Maturity Model of the US Department of Commerce ... 130 EA Maturity