Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Graduate Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 2014 Organic agriculture development strategies in Tunisia and Uganda: Lessons for African organics Jelili Adegboyega Adebiyi Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/etd Part of the Agriculture Commons, Sustainability Commons, and the Urban, Community and Regional Planning Commons Recommended Citation Adebiyi, Jelili Adegboyega, "Organic agriculture development strategies in Tunisia and Uganda: Lessons for African organics" (2014). Graduate Theses and Dissertations. 13932. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/etd/13932 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Organic agriculture development strategies in Tunisia and Uganda: Lessons for African organics by Jelili Adegboyega Adebiyi A thesis submitted to the graduate faculty in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF COMMUNITY AND REGIONAL PLANNING MASTER OF SCIENCE Co-majors: Community and Regional Planning; Sustainable Agriculture Program of Study Committee: Francis Owusu, Major Professor Kathleen Delate Robert Mazur Iowa State University Ames, Iowa 2014 Copyright © Jelili Adegboyega Adebiyi, 2014. All rights reserved. ii DEDICATION To the Almighty, to whom there is no comparison. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................... iv LIST OF TABLES ..................................................................................................... v ABBREVIATIONS ................................................................................................... vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ....................................................................................... vii ABSTRACT………………………………. .............................................................. viii CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION .............................................................................. 1 Study background ................................................................................................ 1 Problem Statement ............................................................................................... 6 Study Significance ............................................................................................... 8 Thesis Structure ................................................................................................... 9 CHAPTER 2. REVIEW OF LITERATURE ............................................................. 11 Approaches to Organic Agriculture Development ............................................. 11 The Market-Oriented Approach ................................................................... 13 The Policy-Driven Approach ......................................................................... 17 Non-Governmental Stakeholders-Driven Approach ...................................... 22 Government-Driven Approach ...................................................................... 24 Connecting the Four Approaches to Organic Agriculture Development............................................................................... 27 Organic Agriculture-Clarifying the Key Concepts .............................................. 32 Conclusion ......................................................................................................... 35 CHAPTER 3. METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS .............. 36 Data Sources ........................................................................................................ 36 Data Analysis ....................................................................................................... 41 CHAPTER 4. ORGANIC AGRICULTURE DEVELOPMENT EXPERIENCE IN UGANDA......................................................... 46 Uganda’s Organic Sector: Historical Overview and Sector Performance ....................................................................................... 46 NOGAMU: The Institutionalization and Development of Uganda’s Organic Sector ..................................................................................................... 53 Training, Research and Extension ................................................................. 63 NOGAMU and Market Creation for the Organic Sector ............................... 67 Policy, Advocacy, Standards and Certification ............................................. 73 iv Local Organizations and the Development of the Organic Sector ...................... 84 Kulika Uganda ............................................................................................... 85 Sustainable Agriculture Trainers Network .................................................... 88 Rural Community Development in Uganda .................................................. 90 Caritas Uganda ............................................................................................... 91 St. Jude Family Project .................................................................................. 93 International Development Agencies and Uganda’s Organic Sector .................. 95 Uganda’s Organic Sector and Government’s Role .............................................. 99 Organic Agriculture Research and Supporting Institutions………………… ..... 101 Conclusion… ....................................................................................................... 102 CHAPTER 5. TUNISIA’S ORGANIC AGRICULTURE SECTOR DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES .................................................. 108 Tunisia’s Organic Background and Sector Performance ..................................... 109 Tunisia’s Organic Sector: Institutionalization and Specialized Institutions…........................................................................................................ 115 Other Key Actors in Tunisia’s Organic Agriculture Sector................................. 134 Regulatory Framework, National Organic Action Plans and Certification Bodies ...................................................................................... 140 Investment Supportive Environment and Financial Instruments ......................... 151 Organic Market Development and Awareness Creation ..................................... 153 Organic Agriculture Research, Training and Collaboration………………… .... 156 Conclusion… ....................................................................................................... 158 CHAPTER 6. ORGANIC AGRICULTURE DEVELOPMENT IN UGANDA AND TUNISIA: LESSONS FOR AFRICAN ORGANICS……… 160 Institutionalization and Sector Organization… ................................................... 160 Organic Standards/Legislation and Certification ................................................. 164 Policies and Organic Sector Action Plans ........................................................... 172 Organic Market Development and Awareness Creation ..................................... 174 Training and Research………………… ............................................................. 180 Conclusions… ...................................................................................................... 182 Institutionalization and Sector Organization… ............................................. 184 Organic Standards/Legislation and Certification ........................................... 184 Policies and Organic Sector Plans ................................................................. 185 Organic Market Development and Awareness Creation ............................... 185 Training and Research………………… ....................................................... 186 REFERENCES .......................................................................................................... 187 v LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. Total Area (hectares) under Organic in Uganda ........................................ 51 Figure 2. Total Number of Certified Organic Farmers in Uganda ............................ 52 Figure 3. Uganda’s Value of Organic Exports in Million US (2002-2011) .............. 53 Figure 4. Total Number of Certified Organic Farmers in Tunisia ............................. 112 Figure 5. Total Certified Organic Area (Ha) in Tunisia ............................................ 113 Figure 6 Tunisia’s Organic Export Value (Millions TND) ...................................... 114 Figure 7. The Organogram of the General Directorate of Organic Agriculture ........ 121 vi LIST OF TABLES Table 1. A Summary of the Main Ideas Underlying the Four Broad Approaches to Organic Agriculture Development……………………… 29 Table 2. Overview of EPOPA Initiated Organic Enterprise Projects in Uganda (1994-2008)............................................................................ 98 Table 3. Summary of the Activities of Organic Agriculture Stakeholders in Uganda…………………………………………………. 105 Table 4. Production and Export of Tunisia’s Main Organic Products.. ................... 114 Table 5. Summary of the Activities of Specialized Organic Institutions in Tunisia ................................................................................ 133 Table 6. Summary of the Activities of Non-Specialized Institutions …. ………… 139 vii ABBREVIATIONS ACODE Advocates