Pacific Lamprey (Entosphenus tridentatus) Assessment and Template for Conservation Measures Region 1 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Portland, Oregon (October 2011) DISCLAIMER The Pacific Lamprey Assessment and Template for Conservation Measures was written with the most current information available at the time, gathered at regional meetings hosted throughout the United States range of Pacific Lamprey in 2009 and 2010. Any new information will be incorporated into subsequent revisions of the Assessment and into the Regional Implementation Plans. How to Cite this Publication: Luzier, C.W., H.A. Schaller, J.K. Brostrom, C. Cook-Tabor, D.H. Goodman, R.D. Nelle, K. Ostrand and B. Streif. 2011. Pacific Lamprey (Entosphenus tridentatus) Assessment and Template for Conservation Measures. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Portland, Oregon. 282 pp. ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The Pacific Lamprey Conservation Assessment was prepared with the assistance of the Pacific Lamprey Conservation Initiative Steering Committee and the Western Lampreys Conservation Team, composed of the following individuals: Steering Committee: Beau Patterson, Douglas County Public Utility District Bob Clarke, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Region 8 Bob Heinith, Columbia River Intertribal Fish Commission Bob Rose, Yakama Nation Charles Corrarino, Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife Dave Roberts, Bonneville Power Administration Dave Statler, Nez Perce Tribe Dave Ward, Columbia Basin Fish and Wildlife Authority Fidelia Andy, Yakama Nation Guy Norman, Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife Howard Schaller, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Columbia River Fisheries Program Office Jeff Osborn, Chelan County Public Utility District Katherine Thompson, U.S. Forest Service Keith Hatch, Bureau of Indian Affairs Larry Ward, Elwha Tribe Linda Ulmer, U.S. Forest Service Mike Clement, Grant County Public Utility District Mike Karnosh, Grande Ronde Tribe Phil Groves, Idaho Power Company Rich Hannan, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Region 1 Ritchie Graves, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Rock Peters, U.S. Army Corp of Engineers Russ Bellmer California Department of Fish and Game Russ Hatz, Natural Resources Conservation Service Scott Grunder, Idaho Department of Fish and Game Stan Van de Wetering, Confederated Tribes Siletz Indians Steve Grabowski, Bureau of Reclamation, Retired Steve Hemstrom, Chelan County Public Utility District Steve Klosiewski, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Region 7 Tom Dresser, Grant County Public Utility District Western Lampreys Conservation Team: Howard Schaller, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Columbia River Fisheries Program Office Christina Luzier, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Columbia River Fisheries Program Office Jody Brostrom, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Idaho Fishery Resource Office Carrie Cook-Tabor, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington Fish and Wildlife Office R.D. Nelle, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Mid-Columbia River Fishery Resource Office Damon Goodman, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Arcata Fish and Wildlife Office iii Kenneth Ostrand, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Abernathy Fish Technology Center Bianca Streif, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Oregon Fish and Wildlife Office The Western Lamprey Conservation Team gratefully acknowledges the numerous individuals who participated in the regional meetings or provided data and information. Those who contributed are listed in the chapters for each Regional area. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS DISCLAIMER .......................................................................................................................................................... ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ......................................................................................................................................... iii LIST OF TABLES.................................................................................................................................................... xii LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................................................................ xiv ACRONYM AND SYMBOL LIST ............................................................................................................................ xv EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .......................................................................................................... 1 1. INTRODUCTION................................................................................................................. 4 Problem: Rangewide Status of Pacific Lamprey ...................................................................................................... 4 Description of the Pacific Lamprey Conservation Initiative .................................................................................... 7 Purpose of the Pacific Lamprey Conservation Initiative .......................................................................................... 7 Goal ................................................................................................................................................................. 7 Strategy ........................................................................................................................................................... 7 Partnerships ..................................................................................................................................................... 7 Objectives ........................................................................................................................................................ 7 Inclusion of Ongoing Conservation Measures .......................................................................................................... 8 Summary of Approach ............................................................................................................................................ 12 2. BIOLOGY, GEOGRAPHY, THREATS, AND CURRENT RESTORATION ACTIONS OF PACIFIC LAMPREY ............................................................................... 14 Phylogenetics .......................................................................................................................................................... 14 General Morphological Description ....................................................................................................................... 14 Historic .......................................................................................................................................................... 15 Current ........................................................................................................................................................... 15 Life History Characteristics .................................................................................................................................... 15 Spawning/Adult ............................................................................................................................................. 16 Rearing/Ammocoetes .................................................................................................................................... 18 Metamorphosis/Macropthalmia ..................................................................................................................... 19 Ocean Phase/Macropthalmia to Adult ........................................................................................................... 19 Ecology ................................................................................................................................................................... 20 Population Structure ............................................................................................................................................... 21 Threats and Reasons for Decline ............................................................................................................................ 21 Passage .......................................................................................................................................................... 21 Dewatering and StreamFlow Management ................................................................................................... 22 Stream and Floodplain Degradation .............................................................................................................. 23 Water Quality ................................................................................................................................................ 23 Harvest/Overutilization ................................................................................................................................. 24 Predation ....................................................................................................................................................... 24 Disease .......................................................................................................................................................... 24 Small Effective Population Size .................................................................................................................... 25 Lack of Awareness ........................................................................................................................................ 25 Ocean Conditions .........................................................................................................................................