Historical Social Research The Official Journal Cornel Zwierlein & Beatrice de Graaf (Eds.): of QUANTUM and Security and Conspiracy in History, 16th to 21st Century Historische Sozialforschung INTERQUANT This Special Issue combines both of the recently emerging fields – conspiracy and security history – for the first time by asking how we can conceive their parallel history from the Renaissance to the present. The new situation of international and national security re- gimes after the Cold War has not only placed security studies at the top of the Political Science agenda, but is also currently causing the emergence of a new field of security history. Likewise, Conspiracies and Conspiracy Theories have found a new great interest in the post- Cold War constellation, particularly following 9/11. There has been hitherto no attempt to conceptualize the development of Security and Conspiracy in a longue durée perspective. Remaining sensitive to the ancient and medieval forerunners, we nevertheless assume that both fully developed conspiracy theories and ‘security’ as a lea- ding political aim are phenomena mainly found in modern history. Both can be treated as dispositives in a Foucauldian sense which challenge each other – real or imagined conspiracies are threats to the security of the state or the commonwealth. Both Security and Conspiracy need to be carefully historicized. This Special Issue offers a sketch of the supposed development of the combined dispositives throughout modern history in addition to a theoretical approach. The contributions combine case studies and methodological reflections from the Renaissance to 9/11 with a majority concerning the ‘high’ and ‘late modern’ periods since 1880. International pioneers, as well as young researchers in the field of Security and Conspiracy conspiracy and security history, have contributed. Der Büchsenschiffter Special Issue: Security and Conspiracy in History HSR Vol. 38 ISSN 1 Special Issue: 38 2013 Vol. 2013 0172-6404 HSR No. 1 The Journal: Scope & Imprint «Formalization means a variety of procedures that match descriptions of events, structures, and processes with explicit models of those events, structures, and pro- cesses. Formal methods do not necessarily involve quantification or computing; ana- lyses of linguistic, spatial, or temporal structure, for example, often proceed quite The pursuit of excellence in research requires concentration formally without computers and without any direct intervention of mathematics.» and focus on the research goal. This guarantees a well developed Charles Tilly (1929-2008) infrastructure. 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Janssen Editorial Assistant: Sandra Schulz M.A. www.gesis.org Published by: GESIS – Leibniz Institute for the Social Sciences Unter Sachsenhausen 6-8, 50667 Cologne, Germany phone: +49 (0)221-47694-141/ -164 e-Mail: [email protected] web: http://www.gesis.org/hsr ISSN 0172 - 6404 Quadrat B2, 1 Unter Sachsenhausen 6-8 Schiffbauerdamm 19 68159 Mannheim 50667 Köln 10117 Berlin Phone +49 (0)621 1246-0 Phone +49 (0)221 476 94-0 Phone +49 (0)30 233611-0 Historical Social Research Historische Sozialforschung Special Issue Beatrice de Graaf & Cornel Zwierlein (Eds.) Security and Conspiracy in History, 16th to 21st Century Mixed Issue Articles No. 143 HSR Vol. 38 (2013) 1 The Journal: Editorial Board Editors Heinrich Best (Jena), Wilhelm H. Schröder (Cologne) Co-operating Editors Nina Baur (Berlin), Onno Boonstra (Nijmegen), Joanna Bornat (Milton Keynes), Franz Breuer (Münster), Leen Breure (Utrecht), Christoph Classen (Potsdam), Jürgen Danyel (Potsdam), Bert De Munck (Antwerp), Rainer Diaz-Bone (Lucerne), Claude Didry (Paris), Claude Diebolt (Strasbourg), Peter Doorn (Amsterdam), Georg Fertig (Halle), Gudrun Gersmann (Cologne), Karen Hagemann (Chapel Hill, NC), M. Michaela Hampf (Berlin), Rüdiger Hohls (Berlin), Jason Hughes (London), Ralph Jessen (Cologne), Claire Judde de Larivière (Toulouse), Hans Jørgen Marker (Gothen- burg), Johannes Marx (Bamberg), Rainer Metz (Cologne), Günter Mey (Berlin), Jürgen Mittag (Cologne), Katja Mruck (Berlin), Dieter Ohr (Berlin), Thomas Rahlf (Cologne), Kai Ruffing (Marburg), Kevin Schürer (Leicester), Jürgen Sensch (Cologne), Manfred Thaller (Cologne), Helmut Thome (Halle), Paul W. Thurner (Munich), Roland Wenzlhuemer (Heidelberg) Consulting Editors Erik W. Austin (Ann Arbor), Francesca Bocchi (Bologna), Leonid Borodkin (Moscow), Gerhard Botz (Vienna), Christiane Eisenberg (Berlin), Josef Ehmer (Vienna), Richard J. Evans (Cambridge), Jürgen W. Falter (Mainz), Harvey J. Graff (Columbus, OH), Arthur E. Imhof (Berlin), Konrad H. Jarausch (Chapel Hill, NC), Eric A. Johnson (Mt. Pleasant, MI), Hartmut Kaelble (Berlin), Hans Mathias Kepplinger (Mainz), Jürgen Kocka (Ber- lin), John Komlos (Munich), Jean-Paul Lehners (Luxembourg), Jan Oldervoll (Bergen), Eva Österberg (Lund), Janice Reiff (Los Angeles), Ernesto A. Ruiz (Florianopolis), Martin Sabrow (Potsdam), Rick Trainor (Glasgow), Louise Tilly (New York), Jürgen Wilke (Mainz) Special Editor »Cliometrics«: Claude Diebolt (Strasbourg) CONTENTS Special Issue: Security and Conspiracy in History, 16th to 21st Century Introduction Cornel Zwierlein & Beatrice de Graaf 7 Security and Conspiracy in Modern History. I. General and Interdisciplinary Approaches, Early Modern Foundations Beatrice de Graaf & Cornel Zwierlein 46 Historicizing Security – Entering the Conspiracy Dispositive. Cornel Zwierlein 65 Security Politics and Conspiracy Theories in the Emerging European State System (15th/16th c.). Karl Härter 96 Security and Cross-Border Political Crime: The Formation of Transnational Security Regimes in 18th and 19th Century Europe. Geoffrey Cubitt 107 Conspiracism, Secrecy and Security in Restoration France: Denouncing the Jesuit Menace. John T. Hamilton 129 Conspiracy, Security, and Human Care in Donnersmarck’s Leben der Anderen. II. Case Studies Late 19th to 21st Century Beatrice de Graaf 142 The Black International Conspiracy as Security Dispositive in the Netherlands, 1880-1900. Constant Willem Hijzen 166 The Perpetual Adversary. How Dutch Security Services Perceived Communism (1918-1989). Ondrej Ditrych 200 ‘International Terrorism’ as Conspiracy: Debating Terrorism in the League of Nations. Susanne Keesman 211 The Communist Menace in Finsterwolde: Conspiring against Local Authorities? A Case Study on the Dutch Battle against Communism, 1945-1951. HSR 38 (2013) 1 Ň 3 Tobias Hof 232 The Moro Affair – Left-Wing Terrorism and Conspiracy in Italy in the Late 1970s. Jelle van Buuren 257 Holland’s Own Kennedy Affair. Conspiracy Theories on the Murder of Pim Fortuyn. Liesbeth van der Heide 286 Cherry-Picked Intelligence. The Weapons of Mass Destruction Dispositive as a Legitimation for National Security in the Post 9/11 Age. Mixed Issue: Articles Tobias A. Jopp 311 On the Historical Roots of the Modern Welfare State: The Knappschaft Statistics of 1861 to 1920 as a Source for Quantitative Historical Social Research. Kitae Sohn 339 The Living Arrangements of U.S. Teachers, 1860-1910. HSR 38 (2013) 1 Ň 4 Historical Social Research Historische Sozialforschung Special Issue Cornel Zwierlein & Beatrice de Graaf (Eds.) Security and Conspiracy in History, 16th to 21st Century No. 143 HSR Vol. 38 (2013) 1 Security and Conspiracy in Modern History ∗ Cornel Zwierlein & Beatrice de Graaf Abstract: »Sicherheit und Verschwörung in der Neuzeit«. Security History is a new field in historical research. Conspiracies and Conspiracy Theories