NOL CH OG E Y T • • R E E C S N E E A I 80 R C C S H • S H N I G O I H S L I I V G • H S T SAFIR2014 The Finnish Research Programme on Nuclear Power Plant Safety 2011–2014 Interim Report VTT TECHNOLOGY 80 SAFIR2014 The Finnish Research Programme on Nuclear Power Plant Safety 2011–2014 Interim Report Kaisa Simola (ed.) ISBN 978-951-38-7918-1 (Soft back ed.) ISBN 978-951-38-7919-8 (URL: http://www.vtt.fi/publications/index.jsp) VTT Technology 80 ISSN-L 2242-1211 ISSN 2242-1211 (Print) ISSN 2242-122X (Online) Copyright © VTT 2013 JULKAISIJA – UTGIVARE – PUBLISHER VTT PL 1000 (Tekniikantie 4 A, Espoo) 02044 VTT Puh. 020 722 111, faksi 020 722 7001 VTT PB 1000 (Teknikvägen 4 A, Esbo) FI-02044 VTT Tfn +358 20 722 111, telefax +358 20 722 7001 VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland P.O. Box 1000 (Tekniikantie 4 A, Espoo) FI-02044 VTT, Finland Tel. +358 20 722 111, fax + 358 20 722 7001 Kopijyvä Oy, Kuopio 2013 SAFIR2014 The Finnish Research Programme on Nuclear Power Plant Safety 2011–2014 Interim Report Kaisa Simola (ed.). Espoo 2013. VTT Technology 80. 447 p. Abstract The Finnish Nuclear Power Plant Safety Research Programme 2011–2014, SAFIR2014, is a 4-year publicly funded national technical and scientific research programme on the safety of nuclear power plants. The programme is funded by the State Nuclear Waste Management Fund (VYR), as well as other key organisations operating in the area of nuclear energy. The programme provides the necessary conditions for re- taining knowledge needed for ensuring the continuance of safe use of nuclear power, for developing new know-how and for participation in international co-operation. The SAFIR2014 Steering Group, responsible of the strategic alignements of the programme, consists of representatives of the Finnish Nuclear Safety Authority (STUK), Ministry of Employment and the Economy (MEE), Technical Research Centre of Finland (VTT), Teollisuuden Voima Oyj (TVO), Fortum Power and Heat Oy (Fortum), Fennovoima Oy, Lappeenranta University of Technology (LUT), Aalto University (Aalto), Finnish Funding Agency for Technology and Innovation (Tekes), Finnish Institute of Occupational Health (TTL) and the Swedish Radiation Safety Authority (SSM). The research programme is divided into nine areas: Man, organisation and society, Automation and control room, Fuel research and reactor analysis, Thermal hy- draulics, Severe accidents, Structural safety of reactor circuits, Construction safety, Probabilistic risk analysis (PRA), and Development of research infrastructure. A reference group is assigned to each of these areas to respond for the strategic planning and to supervise the projects in its respective field. Research projects are selected annually based on a public call for proposals. Most of the projects are planned for the entire duration of the programme, but there can also be shorter one- or two-year projects. The annual volume of the SAFIR2014 programme in 2011–2012 has been 9,5–9,9 M€. Main funding organi- sations were the State Nuclear Waste Management Fund (VYR) with over 5 M€ and VTT with nearly 3 M€ annually. In 2011 research was carried out in 38 pro- jects, and in 2012 the number of research projects was 42. The research in SAFIR2014 has been carried out primarily by VTT. Other re- search organisations involved in research activities are Lappeenranta University of Technology, Aalto University, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Finnish Meteorological Institute, Finnish Software Measurement Association FiSMA, Fortum Power and Heat Oy, and Helsinki University. In addition, some subcontractors have contributed to the work in some projects. This report gives an overview of the SAFIR2014 programme and a summary of the scientific and technical results of the research activities in 2011–2012. Keywords nuclear safety, safety management, nuclear power plants, human factors, safety culture, automation systems, control room, nuclear fuels, reactor physics, core transient analysis, thermal hydraulics, modelling, severe ac- cidents, structural safety, construction safety, risk assessment, research infrastructure 3 Preface The Finnish Nuclear Power Plant Safety Research Programme 2011–2014, SAFIR2014, is continuation to a series of government-led national NPP safety research programmes. Since 1989, the public nuclear safety research has been organised as national research programmes. First, the programmes were carried out separately in the fields of operational safety and structural safety, but since 1999 they were combined in a single programme. The annual volume of the re- search programme has grown from 3,6 in FINNUS programme (1999–2002) to nearly 10 M€ in SAFIR2014. In accordance with the Finnish Nuclear Energy Act, the objective of the pro- gramme is to develop and maintain experimental research capability, safety as- sessment methods and nuclear safety expertise of Finnish nuclear power plants. More than half of the research programme funding is secured by a separate re- serve of the State Waste Management Fund (VYR) which consists of annual fees collected from Finnish nuclear facility operators. The second major funding organi- sation is VTT with a share of nearly 30% of the programme volume. The SAFIR2014 programme is divided into nine areas: Man, organisation and society, Automation and control room, Fuel research and reactor analysis, Ther- mal hydraulics, Severe accidents, Structural safety of reactor circuits, Construction safety, Probabilistic risk analysis (PRA), and Development of research infrastruc- ture. Each of these areas comprise 2–8 research projects, and the total volume of research work in 2011–2012 was about 140 person years. Detailed research re- sults are published in scientific journals, conference papers and research reports. The programme management structure consists of the Steering Group, a Refer- ence Group in each of the nine research areas, a number of ad hoc groups in vari- ous fields, and programme administration. The SAFIR2014 Steering Group consists of representatives of the Finnish Nuclear Safety Authority (STUK), Ministry of Em- ployment and the Economy (MEE), Technical Research Centre of Finland (VTT), Teollisuuden Voima Oyj (TVO), Fortum Power and Heat Oy (Fortum), Fennovoima Oy, Lappeenranta University of Technology (LUT), Aalto University (Aalto), Finnish Funding Agency for Technology and Innovation (Tekes), Finnish Institute of Occupa- tional Health (TTL) and the Swedish Radiation Safety Authority (SSM). This report has been prepared by the programme management in cooperation with the project leaders and project staff. More information on SAFIR2014 can be found on the programme website http://safir2014.vtt.fi/. 4 Contents Abstract ........................................................................................................... 3 Preface ............................................................................................................. 4 1. Introduction ............................................................................................... 8 2. Man, Organisation and Society ............................................................... 18 2.1 Managing safety culture throughout the lifecycle of nuclear plants (MANSCU) ....................................................................................... 18 2.2 Sustainable and future oriented expertise (SAFEX2014) .................... 32 3. Automation and Control Room .............................................................. 39 3.1 Coverage and rationality of the software I&C safety assurance (CORSICA) ...................................................................................... 39 3.2 Human-automation collaboration in incident and accident situations (HACAS) .......................................................................................... 50 3.3 Safety evaluation and reliability analysis of nuclear automation (SARANA) ........................................................................................ 60 3.4 Safety requirements specification and management in nuclear power plants (SAREMAN) ........................................................................... 73 4. Fuel Research and Reactor Analysis...................................................... 84 4.1 Criticality safety and transport methods in reactor analysis (CRISTAL) ....................................................................................... 84 4.2 Three-dimensional reactor analyses (KOURA)................................... 95 4.3 Development of a Finnish Monte Carlo reactor physics code (KÄÄRME) ..................................................................................... 108 4.4 Neutronics, nuclear fuel and burnup (NEPAL) .................................. 117 4.5 Extensive fuel modelling (PALAMA) ................................................ 124 4.6 Radionuclide source term analysis (RASTA).................................... 136 5. Thermal Hydraulics ............................................................................... 142 5.1 Enhancement of safety evaluation tools (ESA)................................. 142 5.2 Experimental studies on containment phenomena (EXCOP) ............ 155 5 5.3 OpenFOAM CFD-solver for nuclear safety related flow simulations (NUFOAM) ................................................................... 168 5.4 Numerical modelling of condensation pool (NUMPOOL) .................. 178 5.5 Improvement of PACTEL facility simulation environment (PACSIM) ......................................................................................