International Ph.D. School for Studies of Arctic Societies (IPSSAS) Building Capacity in Arctic Societies: Dynamics and Shifting Perspectives Proceedings of the Second IPSSAS seminar Iqaluit, Nunavut, Canada May 26 to June 6, 2003 Edited by: François Trudel CIÉRA Faculté des sciences sociales Université Laval, Québec, Canada IPSSAS expresses its gratitude to the following institutions and departments for financially supporting or hosting the Second IPSSAS seminar in Iqaluit, Nunavut, Canada, in 2003: - Canadian Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade / Ministère des Affaires extérieures et du Commerce international du Canada - Nunavut Arctic College (Nunatta Campus) - Nunavut Research Institute - Université Laval – Vice-rectorat à la recherche and CIÉRA - Ilisimatusarfik/University of Greenland - Research Bureau of Greenland's Home Rule - The Commission for Scientific Research in Greenland (KVUG) - National Science Foundation through the Arctic Research Consortium of the United States - Institut National des Langues et Civilisations Orientales (INALCO), Paris, France - Ministère des Affaires étrangères de France - University of Copenhagen, Denmark The publication of these Proceedings has been possible through a contribution from the CANADIAN POLAR COMMISSION / COMMISSION CANADIENNE DES AFFAIRES POLAIRES Source of cover photo: IPSSAS Website International Ph.D. School for Studies of Arctic Societies (IPSSAS) Building Capacity in Arctic Societies: Dynamics and Shifting Perspectives Proceedings of the 2nd IPSSAS seminar, Iqaluit, 2003 Ed.: F. Trudel Université Laval, Québec 2nd trimester 2005 ISBN: 2-921438-62-3 International Ph.D. School for Studies of Arctic Societies (IPSSAS) Building Capacity in Arctic Societies: Dynamics and Shifting Perspectives Proceedings of the Second IPSSAS seminar Iqaluit, Nunavut, Canada May 26 to June 6, 2003 Edited by: François Trudel CIÉRA Faculté des sciences sociales Université Laval, Québec, Canada Building Capacity in Arctic Societies: Dynamics and Shifting Perspectives Contents Foreword ............................................................................................................................ 1 INTRODUCTION Peter IRNIQ Words of welcome..................................................................................................... 5 Mac CLENDENNING and Cindy COWAN Nunavut Arctic College: an overview ....................................................................... 7 HISTORY AND ETHICS OF RESEARCH Jean L. BRIGGS Some personal thoughts on a lifelong commitment to research on Inuit culture, followed by Commentaries on the Utkuhiksalingmiutitut Dictionary.................... 11 Mary Ellen THOMAS and Jamal SHIRLEY Ethics of research: views from within..................................................................... 23 Kennet PEDERSEN The Fifth Thule Expedition recollected: its anthropological material as seen from a history of science perspective ...................................................................... 35 Ludger MÜLLER-WILLE NUNAVUT - Place names and self-determination: Some reflections.................... 47 Lynn PEPLINSKI Trends in Nunavut place names research ................................................................ 53 KNOWLEDGE AND CAPACITY BUILDING Frank SEJERSEN The anatomy of an Arctic knowledge debate: Lessons for capacity building......... 63 François TRUDEL Building capacity in Arctic societies – Two trends in a theme ............................... 81 i Kenn HARPER Inuit writing systems in Nunavut: Issues and challenges........................................ 95 Bruce RIGBY and John BAINBRIDGE Critical issues in lifelong learning in Nunavut...................................................... 105 Shelley WRIGHT The Akitsiraq Law School Program...................................................................... 115 INUIT ART Molly LEE Vendors and venues: The contemporary market for Alaska native art ................. 125 Jørgen TRONDHJEM Representing identity: Cultural continuity and change in modern Greenlandic art .......................................................................................................................... 131 Pascale VISART de BOCARMÉ Interpreting Canadian Inuit art: A theoretical perspective .................................... 141 MEMORY AND INUIT QAUJIMAJATUQANGIT (IQ) Susan SAMMONS and Maaki KAKKIK Collaborative research: The best of two worlds.................................................... 155 Janet McGRATH Inuit Qaujimajatuqangit: the scapegoat for deep-rooted identity-based conflict in Nunavut ............................................................................................................. 165 Jaypeetee ARNAKAK Inuit Qaujimaningit and policy development........................................................ 177 Lucien UKALIANNUK, translation and comments by Aaju PETER Inuit traditional law: perspectives from an elder................................................... 181 Maxime Steve BÉGIN Inuit memories of the early Fox Main DEW Line station (Hall Beach) ............... 191 Marie-Amélie SALABELLE Remembering and dancing in an Aleut community.............................................. 201 ii CULTURAL AND SOCIAL ISSUES Nathalie OUELLETTE A discussion of Tim Ingold’s poetics of dwellings as it applies to non-human beings in Nunavik today........................................................................................ 211 Martina TYRRELL Threats to dwelling in a northern coastal community ........................................... 219 Julie RODRIGUE New theoretical influences in anthropological study of Inuit gender relations..... 229 Alexandre MORIN Explaining social problems of Inuit through their modes of social integration .... 243 Saali MIKIJUK What I saw............................................................................................................. 257 LANGUAGE, ETHNOHISTORY AND YOUTH Lawrence D. KAPLAN Inuit snow terms: How many and what does it mean?.......................................... 263 Mette RØNSAGER The West Greenland midwifery service in the period 1820-1925 ........................ 271 Jette RYGAARD Youth culture, media and globalization processes in Greenland .......................... 281 Olga ULTURGASHEVA The ideas of the future among young Eveny, in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia)..................................................................................................... 303 iii FOREWORD The IPSSAS seminar is an intensive course about and in Arctic societies. It brings together Ph.D. candidates, senior M.A. students and faculty members from universities and research centres of the IPSSAS circumpolar network as well as other universities. It also involves local students and residents from the Arctic communities where the seminar is held. The second IPSSAS seminar was: • organized by François Trudel (CIÉRA - Centre interuniversitaire d’études et de recherches autochtones) (formerly GÉTIC) of Université Laval and the IPSSAS Steering Committee; • hosted by Nunavut Arctic College (Nunatta Campus); • held from May 26 to June 6, 2003 in Iqaluit, Nunavut, Canada, on the theme of Building Capacity in Arctic Societies: Dynamics and Shifting Perspectives. Thirteen students from six different countries (Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, Greenland, Russia) registered and participated in the seminar, which took place on the main campus of Nunavut Arctic College (Nunatta Campus). In addition, students from the Inuit Language and Culture Program and the Law Program, as well as a few instructors and administrators of Nunavut Arctic College, attended. Faculty members and guests came mainly from Canada, but also from Denmark, France, Greenland and the United States. A distinguished faculty member was anthropologist Jean Briggs, professor emeritus from Memorial University of Newfoundland in Canada. A distinguished guest was Peter Irniq, Commissioner of Nunavut. Other faculty members and guests included, among quite many others, Ludger Müller-Wille, professor of geography at McGill University, Sheila Watt-Cloutier, International President of the Inuit Circumpolar Conference, and Lucien Ukaliannuk, Inuit elder from Igloolik. The seminar, whose detailed program and photographs can be found on the IPSSAS website, focused on two major activities. First, all registered Ph.D. and M.A. students presented papers describing their research projects. Each presentation was followed by comments from one faculty member and two students, as well as by a moderated discussion with the whole group. These discussions were useful for all students since each of them could get feedback and comments from faculty and students with very diverse backgrounds and Arctic experiences. Second, faculty and other speakers from Canada, Denmark, France, Greenland and the U.S.A. presented twenty-four (24) lectures. The lectures all dealt with empirical, methodological and theoretical aspects of research in the Arctic and about the Inuit, on such topics as the history of research, history, ethnohistory, language, culture or worldviews. Lecturers from the community were also called upon to contribute and share their experiences and concerns on various topics 2 relating to Nunavut: ethics in research, education, language, place names, traditional law, social problems, policies, Inuit perspectives on globalization, etc. With some delay, due to factors beyond our control, we are now publishing the Proceedings. They include most of the presentations made during the