cences tcs S tcs Current Researches in Scence and Mathematcs cence and Mathema and cence Scences s n S Edtor Dr. Canan Demr ISBN: 978-9949-46-022-8 Researche Current Cetinje 2020 Cetinje 2020 Current Researches in Science and Mathematics Sciences Editor Dr. Canan Demir Cetinje 2020 Editor Dr. Canan Demir First Edition •© June 2020 /Cetinje-Montenegro ISBN • 978-9949-46-022-8 © copyright All Rights Reserved web: www.ivpe.me Tel. +382 41 234 709 e-mail: [email protected] Ivpe Cetinje, Montenegro PREFACE “Current Researches in Science and Mathematics Sciences” is serving an academic forum for both academics and researchers working in such fields. mathmematic and natural sciences research is an interdisciplinary by nature. So it covers several fields Besides, have been used as a research method for the contemporary issues relevant to mathmematic and natural sciences.In this book, the academics working in different fields share their results with the scientific community. Thus more researchers will be aware of these studies and have some new ideas for their future studies. The selected articles have been reviewed and approved for publication by referees. It is hoped that the book will be of interest and of value to academics and researchers. We would like to take this opportunity to thank all our colleagues and writers for their efforts. I CONTENTS PREFACE………………………………………………………………..I CONTENTS…………………………………………………………….II REFEREE BOARD…………………………………………………...IV CHAPTER I Arzu Özgen MOLECULAR IDENTIFICATION OF ALLIUM SCHOENOPRASUM AND ITS ANTIOXIDANT AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY,,,,,…………………………………1 CHAPTER II Deniz Çakar & Seçil Akilli Şimşek & Y. Zekai Katircioğlu & Salih Maden BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF CHESTNUT CANKER CAUSED BY CRYPHONECTRIA PARASITICA (MURR.) BY HYPOVIRULENT STRAINS AT SELECTED ORCHARDS IN IZMIR AND AYDIN PROVINCES OF TURKEY……………….12 CHAPTER III Serap Çetinkaya AN INTRODUCTION TO THE STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL METHODOLOGY FOR FRAGMENT tRNA MOLECULES……………………………………………………..40 CHAPTER IV Elif Ayşe Erdoğan Eliuz ANTIFUNGAL ACTIVITY OF BORIC ACID AND CITRIC ACID MIXTURE AS A SANITIZER AGENT…………………………...59 CHAPTER V Altuğ Mert Sevim & Barbaros Akkurt USE OF SONOGASHIRA CARBON-CARBON COUPLING TO GIVE WAY TO NEW PHTHALOCYANINE MACROCYCLES..71 CHAPTER VI Altuğ Mert Sevim & Barbaros Akkurt ON THE HECK REACTION: A LITERATURE SURVEY WITH SOME ARTICLES IN 2020………………………………………..89 II CHAPTER VII Mustafa Biriken & Rifat Battaloğlu DETERMINATION OF FATTY ACID COMPONENTS OF SOME TROPICAL FRUITS BY MICROWAVE ASSISTED ANALYSIS METHOD AND COMPARISON WITH TRADITIONAL METHOD………………………………………………………...107 CHAPTER VIII Mehtap Düz HYBRID (FUSION-FISSION) REACTORS…………………….113 III REFEREE BOARD Prof. Dr. Ali Fazıl YENİDÜNYA, Sivas Cumhuriyet University, Turkey Prof. Dr. Mehmet ALTUN, İstanbul University Cerrahpaşa, Turkey Prof. Dr. Mustafa NİZAMLIOĞLU, İstanbul Gelişim University, Turkey Prof. Dr. Rıdvan KARAPINAR, Burdur Mehmet Akif Ersoy University, Turkey Prof. Dr. Tanja SOLDATOVIĆ, Novi Pazar State University, Serbia Prof. Dr. Zana C. DOLICANIN, Novi Pazar State University, Serbia Assoc. Prof. Dr. Firudin AGAYEV, Institute of Technology Sciences, Azerbaijna Asst. Prof. Dr. Dhia Hadi HUSSAİN, Mustansiriyah University, Iraq Dr. Aydan Altıkulaç, Muğla Sıtkı Koçman University, Turkey Dr. Canan DEMİR, Van Yüzüzncü Yıl University, Turkey IV MOLECULAR IDENTIFICATION OF ALLIUM SCHOENOPRASUM AND ITS ANTIOXIDANT AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY Arzu Özgen* 1. Introduction Allium, which is one of the largest genera, is a perennial flowering herbaceous plant (Rattanachaikunsopon and Phumkhachorn, 2008; Zdravković-Korać et al., 2010; Vlase et al., 2012; Parvu et al., 2014). According to the classification of the APG III (Angiosperm Phylogeny Group), it is placed in the Amaryllidaceae family and Allioideae subfamily (Timité et al., 2013; Gardens Royal Botanic, 2017). Nowadays, the classification forms of APG which is based on the molecular data are accepted. Thus, it is possible to explain the evolutionary relationships of the plants world and to classify the species more reliably. Studies have shown that the error rate of the systematic morphologies based on the previous studies is very high. In other words, classical taxonomy does not take into account the changes in the genomic level and, in most cases, leads to erroneous results (Angiosperm Phylogeny Group, 1998; Angiosperm Phylogeny Group II, 2003). Over the centuries, Allium species have been widely used as ethnomedicine for the prevention of various diseases as well as their use as vegetables and spices (Barazani et al., 2004; Kim et al., 2016). Members of the Allium genus are known as very good sulfur compounds producers (Timité et al., 2013) and contain chemical compounds that are important for human health, such as anthocyanins, flavonoids, phenols, tannins and carotenoids (Vina and Cerimele, 2009). It has been supported by studies that various pharmacological activities such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, anticancer, anti-HIV, anticoagulant, neuroprotection, immunomodulation, antitubercular and anti-allergy are related to the presence of these important compounds (Ariga and Seki, 2006; Kaiser et al., 2009; Vlase et al., 2012). Chives, which have limited studies in the literature, are members of the Amaryllidaceae family along with leeks, shallots, onions and garlics (Singh et al., 2018; Rattanachaikunsopon and Phumkhachorn, 2008). * Asst. Prof. Dr. Department of Medical Services and Techniques, Vocational School of Health Sciences, Istanbul Gelisim University, İstanbul, Turkey. E-mail: [email protected] 1 Chives grow naturally in many places of the world including Turkey. They are used in cheese production process and in traditional meals in many places of the world. It has positive effects on health such as regulation of blood pressure by decreasing it and antimicrobial activity especially against fungi (Rattanachaikunsopon and Phumkhachorn, 2008). There are many epidemiological studies regarding to disease preventing effects of natural foods. The biochemical studies showed that Allium species contain minerals, vitamins, lipids, amino acids (Singh et al., 2018) and different antioxidants. All parts of chives, especially the leaves, have a significant nutritional value (Stajner et al., 2008; Stajner and Popovic, 2009). Chives leaves that contain high amounts of superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, free thiol and carotenoid have beneficial effects that cannot be ignored in processes such as tumor development, cardiovascular diseases and aging associated with free radicals (Zdravkovic´-Korac et al., 2010). In this study, the determination of the chives species, which grow naturally in Sultan Murat Plateau in the eastern Black Sea Region (Turkey) with an altitude of 2100 meters and were identified at the molecular level for the first time, with the ITS nucleotide sequence was carried out and the obtained data were entered the international gene bank and its antioxidant and antibacterial effects were investigated. 2. Materials and methods Plant material Chives were collected from Sultan Murat Plateau with an altitude of 2100 meters in August 2017. The collected plant materials were dried in an area with no direct sunlight and light air flow. Bacterial strains The bacterial strains used in this study were obtained from Acıbadem Mehmet Ali Aydınlar University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Microbiology. In antibacterial activity assays, the Gram (+) bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 95923, Staphylococcus epidermidis ATCC 12228) and Gram (-) bacteria (Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853, Klebsiella pneumonia ATCC 700603, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Proteus mirabilis ATCC 27853, Salmonella Typhimurium ATCC 14028, Acinetobacter baumannii ATCC BAA 747) were used. Ethanol extraction procedure 200 mg of dried and powdered plant leaves were weighed and kept for 10 min in 5 ml ethanol (absolute) in ultrasonic bath (35 kHz and 37 °C). Samples were centrifuged at 6000xg for 15 minutes. The supernatant phase was taken and passed through Whatmann paper. It has been put in 2 incubator at 37 °C for complete removal of ethanol. The extracts were stored at 4 ° C until use. Total genomic DNA isolation of the chives The finely chopped plant leaves were disinfected with 70% ethanol for 3 min to remove the microorganisms that they may contain on their surfaces. The plant leaves were passed through the sterile purified water and then subjected to the bead-beating process of the ZymoBIOMICS DNA Miniprep Kit (D4303). The following steps were carried out according to the defined procedure in the kit. The concentration of the obtained genomic DNA was measured with the nanodrop. Amplification of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) internal spacer (ITS) regions and sequence analysis ITS DNA regions of chives were amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The primers were ITS4 Reverse 5'- TCCTCCGCTTATTGATATGC-3'; ITS5 Forward 5'- GGAAGTAAAAGTCGTAACAAGG-3'. The 50 µl of PCR reaction contained 0.2 mM dNTP mix, 0.2 µM of each primer, 10 ng DNA, 5X Phusion HF buffer (contains 7.5 mM MgCl2 which provides 1.5 mM MgCl2 in final concentration) and 0.02 U/µL of Phusion DNA polymerase (Thermo Scientific) in the BIO-RAD T100-Thermal Cycler. The PCR conditions were follows; An initial denaturation and enzyme activation step of 30 seconds at 98°C was followed by 35 cycles amplification at the following conditions; 10 seconds at 98°C, 30 seconds 53°C and 40 seconds 72°C and 10 minutes extension at 72°C completed the protocol. The PCR product