THE RISE AND FALL OF AN AYÂN FAMILY IN EIGHTEENTH CENTURY ANATOLIA: THE CANİKLİZÂDES (1737-1808) THE INSTITUTE OF ECONOMICS AND SOCIAL SCIENCES OF BILKENT UNIVERSITY BY CANAY ŞAHİN IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN HISTORY IN THE DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY BILKENT UNIVERSITY ANKARA, APRIL 2003 ABSTRACT The Rise and Fall of an Ayân Family in Eighteenth Century Anatolia: the Caniklizâdes (1737-1808). Şahin, Canay. Ph. D., Department of History. Supervisor: Asst. Prof. Oktay Özel. This thesis examines the rise and fall of the Caniklizâdes within the context of the redistribution of political and economic resources between the center and the periphery in the second half of the eighteenth century Ottoman Empire. The introductory chapter looks at the long-term determinants behind the rise of local dynasties in the Empire. Chapter Two outlines the historical process of the Caniklizâdes’ incorporation into the ruling class of the empire from a small notable background with an attention to their conflicts with the central government and the Çapanoğlus. Chapter Three analyses the revenue sources, the tax-farms (mukata’as), controlled by the Caniklizâdes in northeastern Anatolia by emphasising the network of relationship between the central government and the family mediated by the kapı kethüdas and sarrafs. The next chapter examines the family’s leading household members (kethüdas), and lesser local notables within the context of the redistribution of administrative and tax-collection rights. The last chapter analyses the ways of the Caniklizâdes’ enrichment and their investments as well as their religious endowments. Key Words: Caniklizâde, Ayân, Local Dynasty, Tax-Farm. iii ÖZET Onsekizinci Yüzyılda Anadolu’da Bir Ayan Ailesinin Yükselişi ve Düşüşü: Caniklizâdeler (1737-1808). Şahin, Canay. Doktora, Tarih Bölümü. Tez Yöneticisi: Yrd. Doç. Dr. Oktay Özel. Bu tez, onsekizinci yüzyılın ikinci yarısında merkezle taşra arasındaki siyasi ve iktisadi kaynakların yeniden dağıtımı bağlamında Caniklizâdelerin yükselişi ve düşüşünü incelemektedir. Giriş bölümünde imparatorlukta yerel hanedanlıkların yükselmesinin ardındaki uzun dönemli etkenleri ele alınmaktadır. İkinci Bölüm, Caniklizâdelerin, merkezi hükümet ve Çapanoğulları ile olan çatışmalarına değinerek, yerel eşraf kökeninden imparatorluğun yönetici sınıfına dahil olma sürecini incelemektedir. Üçüncü Bölüm'de, Caniklizâdelerin Kuzeydoğu Anadolu’da kontrol ve tasarruf ettikleri gelir kaynakları (mukataalar) incelenmekte ve özel olarak da kapı kethüdaları ve sarrafların aracılık ettikleri merkezi hükümet ile aile arasındaki ilişkiler ağı vurgulanmaktadır. Bir sonraki bölümde, yönetsel ve vergi toplama haklarının bölüşümü bağlamında, ailenin kapı halkının ileri gelen üyeleriyle (kethüda) ikincil ya da alt ayanlar araştırılmaktadır. Son bölümde ise, Caniklizâdelerin zenginleşme yolları, yatırımları ve vakıfları değerlendirilmektedir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Caniklizâde, Ayân, Yerel Hanedanlık, Mukataa. iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First of all, I am deeply indebted to Dr. Oktay Özel, who supervised this study, for his guidence, encouraging comments, suggestions and support on various points throughout the process of work. Without his encouragement this thesis could not have been realized. I am particularly grateful to Prof. Halil İnalcık, who has been a great source of inspiration throughout my studies at Bilkent University. I would like to thank to my other committee members, Prof. Özer Ergenç of Ankara University, Dr. Akşin Somel of Sabancı University, Dr. Mehmet Öz of Hacettepe University for their comments and suggestions on the draft of this thesis. I would also like to thank to Prof. Yavuz Cezar, who, by appointing me research assistant at Yıldız Technical University, enabled me to pursue my studies in İstanbul. I would like to thank my friends, who helped me at various stages of this study; Fehmi Yılmaz, Deniz Erben, Kristina Smith, Mert Sunar, Kürşat Akpınar, Nebahat Öksüz. My special thanks go to Nurten Canbeyoğlu and Selahattin Türokay, who have provided irreplaceable support and optimism during writing of this thesis. v Finally, I would like to express my deep gratitude to my parents, Şefika and Halil and my brothers, Cengiz and Koray for their patience and unlimited support. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT........................................................................................................... iii ÖZET ..................................................................................................................... iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .................................................................................... v TABLE OF CONTENTS...................................................................................... vii LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES...................................................................... ix CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION..................................................................... 1 I. Post-Classical Age Transformation: An Overview ......................................... 2 II. Tax-Farming and the Rise of Local Notables................................................. 9 III. The Malikâne as a System of Revenue Distribution................................... 15 IV. The Study of Ayân...................................................................................... 23 CHAPTER TWO: THE RISE AND FALL OF THE CANİKLİZÂDES (1737- 1808): A SHORT HISTORY............................................................................... 39 I. From Small Local Notable to the Establishment of a Dynasty (1737-1765). 41 II. Caniklizâdes in Imperial Politics: Ali Paşa and His Sons, Mikdad Ahmed and Battal Hüseyin Paşas .................................................................................. 48 III. Last Generation in Power up to Sened-i İttifak: Tayyar Mahmud Paşa...... 70 CHAPTER THREE: THE ECONOMIC POWER OF THE CANİKLİZÂDES .. 83 I. The Network: The Kapı Kethüdası, the Sarraf and the Caniklizâdes ........... 84 II. Revenue Administration of the Caniklizâdes............................................. 103 CHAPTER FOUR: CANİKLİZÂDE HOUSEHOLD AND LESSER AYÂN .... 139 I. The Kethüdas of the Caniklizâdes ............................................................... 140 II. The Hazinedarzâdes.................................................................................... 151 III. The Şatırzâdes ........................................................................................... 157 vii CHAPTER FIVE: FORMATION AND ADMINISTRATION OF FAMILY WEALTH............................................................................................................ 164 I. Wealth at Stake (From Fortune to Confiscation)......................................... 164 II. Cash, Luxuries and Immovables ................................................................ 172 III. Estates (Çiftliks) ........................................................................................ 183 IV. Pious Endowments (Waqf) ....................................................................... 194 CONCLUSION................................................................................................... 209 BIBLIOGRAPHY............................................................................................... 214 APPENDICES .................................................................................................... 231 Appendix I. Family Tree of The Caniklizâdes.................................................... 231 Appendix II. Kapı Kethüdas in İstanbul and Their Patrons (1775-1810)........... 232 Appendix III. Tax-farms Held by the Caniklizâdes (1737-1808)....................... 233 Appendix IV. Share-Holders and Down-Payments (Muaccele) of the Tax-farm of the Muhassıllık of Canik (1741-1826) ................................................................ 234 viii LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES FIGURES Figure 1. Changes in the Down-payments (Muaccele in kuruş) of the Tax-farm of the Muhassıllık of Canik (1748-1791).................................................................119 TABLES 1. Caniklizâdes’ Kapı Kethüdas (1774-1808)......................................................92 2. Muhassıls of Canik (1761-1826)....................................................................114 3. Muaccele and Estimated Annual Profit of the Tax-farm of the Muhassıllık of Canik in kuruş (1748-1791)...........................................................................116 4. Caniklizâdes’ Kethüdas..................................................................................141 5. Property List of Canikli Ali Paşa and Battal Bey in Bafra (c. 1780).............201 6. Battal Bey's Property in Köprü (c. 1780).......................................................202 7. Mikdad Ahmed Paşa's Property in Amasya (c. 1780)....................................203 8. Caniklizâdes’ Çiftliks in Bafra: Cereals and Livestock (c. 1780)..................204 9. Caniklizâdes’ Çiftliks in Amasya: Cereals and Livestock (c. 1780)..............205 10. Estimated Total Value of Cereals and Livestock in the Çiftliks of Amasya and Bafra (c. 1780)................................................................................................206 11. Total Value of Cereals and Livestock in the Çiftliks of Amasya and Bafra (c. 1792)...............................................................................................................206 12. Crops Produced in the Çiftliks of Bafra in 1780 and 1792 (in kile)..............207