LARC 352 History of Landscape Architecture Autumn Quarter, 2016 Instructor: Thaïsa Way PhD T.A.: Sara Jacobs Mycenaeans were warriors their war-like civilization that required fortified architecture Mycenae a powerfully fortified city on a hilltop called an acropolis acro = high polis = city aerial view of Mycenae today Fortifications were built with enormous blocks called cyclopean walls DEMOS: the populace as a polical unit, especially in a democracy. POLIS: inially, a communal center for refuge and religious pracce, then a city state, especially as considered in its ideal form for philosophical purposes. TWO URBAN SETTLEMENT PATTERNS Greece-the Peloponnesus, the Aegean archipelago of islands and the western coast of Anatolia. Greece and the Classical Landscape • Classical: aesthec values embodied in Greek and Roman art, architecture, and culture • Simplicity of form, harmonious proporon and ornament • Expression of structure • Symmetry over eccentricity • City as locus for the good life • Landscape: culture and nature united in a bond • Humanism: thought centered upon capacies and values of humans/ individuals, raonal and ordered thought and living Genius Loci • the protecve spirit of a place. It was oen depicted in religious iconography as a figure holding a Cornucopia, snake, or other protecve and/ or producve symbol • the spirit or character of a site- inherent to a place Greece-the Peloponnesus, the Aegean archipelago of islands and the western coast of Anatolia. Homer, the Iliad and the Odyssey c. 8th century BCE Sacred Grove of Zeus, Olympia 5th century BCE Classical Greece School of Athens, by Raphael, c. 1511 Plato, holding the Timaeus and poinng to the heavens, speaks with Aristotle, holding the Ethics and gesturing towards the earth. Chora- regions/ regional place/ environment/ landscape Topoi- parcular places, primary ground Topos- locaon of paern-based maer in place within chora Polis- city/ gathering of people Athens, Greece c. 4th century BCE Agora, Athens Beginning in the period of the radical democracy (aer 509 BC), the Boule, or city council, the Prytaneis, or presidents of the council, and the Archons, or magistrates, all met in the agora. Agora, Athens c. 5th century BCE • 1. PeristyLe Court • 2. Mint • 3. Enneacrounos • 4. South stoa I and South Stoa II • 5. Heliaea • 6. Strategeion • 7. Colonos Agoraios • 8. Tholos • 9. Agora stone • 10. Monument of the Eponymous Heroes • 11. Metroon (Old Bouleuterion) • 12. New Bouleuterion • 13. Temple of Hephaestus (Hephaeson) • 14. Temple of Apollo Patroos • 15. Stoa of Zeus • 16. Altar of the Twelve Gods • 17. Stoa Basileios (Royal stoa) • 18. Temple of Aphrodite Urania • 19. Stoa of Hermes • 20. Stoa Poikile The Agora took shape over a period of several centuries. Athens, Agora, 500 BCE Athens, Agora, 420 BCE Athens, Agora c. 250 BCE Athens, Agora, 100 BCE Sing in the landscape Greek Theatre Above the Temple of Apollo The Theater at Epidauros, (Polykleitos) late 4th century BCE • Theatre, Miletus, 300 BCE Classical Temple Architecture and Landscape • Temenos • Propylon • Temple • Tholos • Orders: – Doric – Ionic Delphi- as a temenos • Mt. Parnassos • Sacred Way • Oracle First, one entered the Sanctuary of Athena Pronaia. with its tholos (a circuLar tempLe) within a temenos (sacred enclosure). Delphi, dates back to Neolithic period, through Mycenaean, with the Temple of Apollo built in 4th century BCE Kastalian Spring Treasury of the Athenians Rock of Subyl Looking from Rock of Sibyl to Temple of Apollo Theatre above Temple of Apollo, Delphi, 4th century BCE Acropolis, Athens, Greece 5-4th c. BCE Acropolis, Athens, c. 460 BCE Pericles led efforts to rebuild the Acropolis and in parcular the Parthenon Sculptor Pheidias was chosen to oversee the construcon of a multude of temples and sculptures under a master plan Procession passed through the Agora, then around Acropolis, and then up the ramp/stairs and through the Propylaea (the gate of the Acropolis) Parthenon, Architects: Iknos and Kallikrates, Sculptor: Pheidias Ionic Order Greek House and Garden Delos, c. 140 BCE drawing based on the House of the Dolphins Kepos: translated into Garden Chortos: later Lan hortus- kitchen garden of the poor Drainage channel in residenal secon of Priene, Minoan Fountain, Delos Provided city water Residence with courtyards, Delos, Greece c. 140 BCE Roman Urbanism • Hippodamian grid • Imperial Order &Grandeur Via Osense leading from Rome Via Stabia, Pompeii, with raised stepping stones and a public fountain. Plan of Miletus Asia Minor (Turkey) 5th century BCE Hippodamus credited for plan The Roman City in Florence • Cardo • Decumanus Centuriaon Cardo Decumanus Roman colony of Florena (later Florence), 59 BCE Temple of Fortuna Primigenia, Praineste, c. 100 BCE “the cadenced climb in stages, with an arul use of landings, viewing points, and the alternang concealment and revelaon of the terminal object, was a special gi of Roman designers” Kostoff (Rogers) Roman Urban TypoLogy: Nested Scales of Social Space: • Forum (civic center) • Porcus (public park) • Streets & alleys • Insulae (blocks) • Domus (family) • Peristyle/Atrium (domesc type) Roman Streets: • Paving • Sewers & Drains • Shelter From City (Macaulay 1974) House of Pansa at Pompeii Garden Porco A: Atrium B: Fountain C: Peristyle Garden D: Principal hall (oecus) Garden Atrium Domesc Urban Gardens • (a) Sunken Town House Garden w/ Cryptoporcus • (b) Peristyle Garden w/ Triclinium a. b. a. Roman Villa Culture: Oum & Negoum Ideology: “a concept or myth so firmly rooted in the unconscious that all who hold it affirm it as an incontrovertible truth” V i l l e g i a t u r a The Roman Garden Peristyle garden, House of the Vei, Pompeii, 1st c. BCE. Detail from Villa of Livia at Prima Porta, near Rome. Loreius Tiburnus House/ Late 1st century House of Octavius Quaro CE Pompeii, 1 BCE House of Octavius Quaro, Pompeii, 3rd c. B.C.E. The Peristyle Houses of Pompeii House of the Vettii, Pompeii (1st C BCE) House of the Vel, Pompeii 1st century BCE Villa of Livia at Prima Porta, late 1st C BCE The Roman Villa • Oum vs. Nego3is • Agrarian lifestyle • Epicurus (341-270 BCE) • Epicurean view Wall painngs in the Roman Villa of P. Fannius Synistor at Boscoreale, Italy Horace's Farm, Licenza, Italy, 1st century BCE Villa of Publius Fannius Synistor at Boscoreale, reconstrucon model, 1st century BCE Villa rus3ca “o sweet and honorable oum, lovelier than any negoum” Pliny the Younger Pliny the Younger (61/3-113 CE) Villa URBANA PLINYS VILLA (Tuscany) PLINYS VILLA (Laurentum) ViLLa suburbana the Villa of the Mysteries, Pompeii (2nd-1st c. BCE) ViLLa suburbana: A retreat near the city Pliny the Younger (61/3-113 CE) Villas PLINYS VILLA (Tuscany) PLINYS VILLA (Laurentum) .