Report No.33014-COReport No. The Gap Matters 33014-CO The Gap Matters Poverty and Well-Being of Afro-Colombians and Indigenous Peoples Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized July 20, 2005 Environmentally and Socially Sustainable Development Unit Latin America and The Caribbean Region Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Document of the World Bank Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Contents .. Abbreviations and Acronyms .......................................................................................... ii Acknowledgements .......................................................................................................... vi .. Glossary ........................................................................................................................... vi1 Executive Summary......................................................................................................... ix Colombia: A Multi-Ethnic Nation ............................................................................................... x The Recognition of Ethnic Groups: Advances and Shortfalls .................................................... xi Conflict and Displacement ......................................................................................................... xi.. Report Findings ......................................................................................................................... xi1 Policy and Program Recommendations .................................................................................... xiv Chapter 1. Introduction .................................................................................................... 1 Objectives .................................................................................................................................... 1 Expected Impact of the Report .................................................................................................... 1 Audiences .................................................................................................................................... 2 Participatory Approach ................................................................................................................ 2 Data and Sample .......................................................................................................................... 2 Theoretical Framework................................................................................................................ 3 The Multiple Dimensions of Poverty ...................................................................................................... 4 Wel1.Being. A More Holistic View of Reality ......................................................................................... 4 Well-Being and Ethnicity/Racial Discrimination ................................................................................... 5 Chapter 2. Well-Being and Poverty: The Perspectives of Afro-Colombian and Indigenous Peoples............................................................................................................. 7 Quality of Life and Well-Being ................................................................................................... 7 General Elements and Fundamental Components for Well-Being According to Afro- Colombians .................................................................................................................................. 7 General Elements and Fundamental Components of Well-Being for Indigenous Peoples......... 9 What is Poverty for the Indigenous Community? ....................................................................... 9 Poverty from the Perspective of Afro-Colombians ................................................................... 11 The Priority of Elements for Well-Being .................................................................................. 11 Well Being: Prioritization of Components ........................................................................................... 11 The Territory: Essential Priority for Wel1.Being ................................................................................. 12 Health and Illness ................................................................................................................................. 13 Housing and Basic Services ................................................................................................................. 13 Education ............................................................................................................................................. 14 Work versus Employment ..................................................................................................................... 14 Generational DifSerences ..................................................................................................................... 15 Socio-Cultural Needs: The Most Notable Components ............................................................ 15 Cultural Identity ................................................................................................................................... 15 Security ................................................................................................................................................. 16 Communities and Community Organization ........................................................................................ 16 Some Final Reflections ......................................................................................................................... 17 Chapter 3. The Well-Being of Afro-Colombian and Indigenous Peoples in Numbers: Progress and Challenges Ahead ..................................................................................... 19 Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 19 Statistical Information Available ............................................................................................... 19 Circumventing the Challenges.............................................................................................................. 20 Fundamental Priorities of Afro-Colombians and Indigenous Peoples in Numbers ................... 21 iii THE GAP MATTERS: POVERTY AND WELL-BEING OF AFRO-COLOMBIANS AND INDIGENOUS PEOPLES Territory: A Fundamental Good for the Quality of Life of Rural Indigenous and Afro-Colombian Peoples ................................................................................................................................................. 21 Health Achievements for Indigenous Peoples ........................................................................... 23 Indigenous Colombian Illiteracy and Participation in the School System ........................................... 23 Living Conditions of Afro- Colombians: A Municipal Perspective ...................................................... -23 DifSerences in the General Quality of Life Index.................................................................................. 23 Urban-Rural ......................................................................................................................................... 25 Access to Education and Gender Differences....................................................................................... 26 Gaps in Education and Access to Employment .................................................................................... 26 Access to Public Services and Utilities ..................................................................................... 27 The Millenium Development Goals (MDGs) and the Colombian Ethnic Groups .................... 28 Some Final Reflections .............................................................................................................. 30 Chapter 4 . Closing the Gaps: Components of a Program of Action ........................... 31 Recommendations ..................................................................................................................... 34 Recommendation No. 1: Improvement and Disaggregation of the Information on Ethnic Groups ..... 34 Recommendation No. 2: Complete the Demarcation and Titling of Collective Territories of Black Communities......................................................................................................................................... 35 Recommendation No. 3: Care for Basic Needs in Health. Education. and Basic Sanitation............... 37 Recommendation No. 4: Differentiated Attention to the Displaced Population Belonging to Ethnic Groups.................................................................................................................................................. 38 Recommendation No. 5: Educating for Diversity and Non-Discrimination ......................................... 39 Recommendation No. 6: Institutional Strengthening............................................................................ 39 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................. 39 Bibliography..................................................................................................................... 41 Annex 1. Methods for Setting Up Workshops